neglected since the ascendancy
of Accursius) in a spirit which gave it new life, whilst he imparted to his
teaching a practical interest, from the judicial experience which he had
acquired while acting as assessor to the courts at Todi and at Pisa before
he undertook the duties of a professorial chair. His treatises _On
Procedure_ and _On Evidence_ are amongst his most valuable works, whilst
his _Commentary on the Code of Justinian_ has been in some countries
regarded as of equal authority with the code itself.

BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815), American naturalist, was born at
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1766, studied for two years at Edinburgh, and
afterwards graduated at Goettingen. He settled at Philadelphia, and soon
obtained a considerable practice. In 1789 he was appointed professor of
botany and natural history in the College of Philadelphia, now the
University of Pennsylvania; he was made professor of _materia medica_ in
1795, and on the death of Dr Benjamin Rush in 1813 he obtained the chair of
practical medicine. In 1802 he was chosen president of the American
Philosophical Society, of which he was a strong supporter. Barton was the
author of various works on natural history, botany and _materia medica_,
his _Elements of Botany_ (1803) being the best known. He died at
Philadelphia on the 19th of December 1815.

BARTON, BERNARD (1784-1849), English poet, was born at Carlisle on the 31st
of January 1784. His parents were Quakers, and he was commonly known as the
Quaker poet. After some experience of business, he became, in 1809, clerk
to Messrs Alexander's bank at Woodbridge, Suffolk, and retained this post
till his death. His first volume of verse--_Metrical Effusions_--was
published in 1812. It brought him into correspondence with Southey, and
shortly afterwards, through the medium of a set of complimentary verses, he
made the acquaintance of Hogg. From this time onwards to 1828 Barton
published various volumes of verse. After 1828 his work appeared but rarely
in print, but his _Household Verses_ published in 1845 secured him, on the
recommendation of Sir Robert Peel, a Civil List pension of L100 a year,
L1200 having already been raised for him by some members of the Society of
Friends. Barton is chiefly remembered for his friendship with Charles Lamb,
which arose, curiously enough, out of a remonstrance addressed by him to
the author of _Essays of Elia_ on the freedom with which the Quakers had
been handl