., 38.

428 "Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer," July 27, 1830.

429 "Niles' Register," XXXVIII., 97.

_ 430 Ibid._, XLIV., 36.

431 "Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer," July 27, 1830.

432 Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, "Am. and
the British Colonies," 55, 62.

433 "Niles' Register," XXIX., 165; "The Intelligencer" Petersburg, Va.,
Mar. 11, 1825; "Charleston (S. C.) Mercury," May 25, 1825;
"Nashville (Tenn.) Republican," Apr. 16, 1825.

434 "Niles' Register," XXXI., 52.

435 "Miners' Journal," Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.

_ 436 Ibid._, Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.

437 "Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations," p. xxx.

438 Duden, "Nordamerika," 61.

439 Hecke, "Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten," II., 134-5.

440 The following describes a ditch and bank fence: "I very much admire
Mr. Birkbeck's mode of _fencing_. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at
top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth
that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is
turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom
of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short
pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the
forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether
very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he
intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would
make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer."--Hulme, in
Cobbett, "Year's Residence in the U. S.," 282.

441 Ernst in "Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," 156;
"Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal," Apr. 18, 1877 (in "Ill. Local
Hist.," III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.)

442 Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 213.

443 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 244.

444 Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 273.

445 Ernst, in "Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," 155.

446 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 254.

447 Chapman, Lyde Grove, in "Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.," in
MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

448 "Niles' Register," XXIX., 37; "Ill. Monthly Mag.," I., 127.

449 "Niles' Register," XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; "Ill. Monthly Mag.," I.,
129; Loomis, "Journey to the Great West in 18