u, that he based some speculations on a former land-connection
between these countries on this circumstance.

[Illustration: Fig. 10.--Head of a Barren-ground Reindeer in the Dublin
Museum (photographed by Mr. McGoogan).]

[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Head of a Woodland Reindeer in the Dublin
Museum (photographed by Mr. McGoogan).]

We have, therefore, records of the present or the former existence of a
Reindeer resembling the North American Barren-ground form in Greenland,
Spitsbergen, Scandinavia, Ireland, and the South of France. In England
the remains of the two forms occur mixed, but I do not know in how far
either the one or the other predominates. The Barren-ground Reindeer is
in Europe altogether confined to the west; the most easterly locality
that I am acquainted with being Rixdorf, near Berlin. The majority of
the European remains of the Reindeer seem to belong to the Siberian or
Woodland variety, and it would appear as if some intercrossing between
the two forms had occurred in Lapland, since it is stated that in that
country the Reindeer is somewhat intermediate between the two. All the
Asiatic remains also resemble the Woodland variety.

As far as I know, no explanation has been attempted to account for this
peculiar range in Europe of the two forms of Reindeer. But if we look
more closely into the mode of occurrence of the Reindeer remains, we
find that the Barren-ground form, seems to have existed in Western
Europe long before the other variety made its appearance there. It was
pointed out by Struckmann that the Reindeer in Southern Europe occurs in
older deposits than in the north. In speaking of the northern ones, he
had of course chiefly the German deposits in view. It is in one of the
oldest pleistocene deposits in Germany that the isolated instance,
referred to above, of the occurrence of the Barren-ground Reindeer, near
Berlin, has been noted.

There is still a further point which illustrates the supposition that
the Barren-ground Reindeer was a more ancient inhabitant of Europe than
the Woodland one. The latter in all Central European stations (in fact
almost wherever it occurs fossil) is associated with the remains of the
typical inhabitants of Siberia, such as the Glutton, Sousliks, Lemmings,
and others; but in the deposits in which the Barren-ground Reindeer have
been found in South-western France, no other Arctic mammal finds a
place. Again, in Irish deposits none of the Siberian migrants are