rally regarded as belonging to the pliocene series. Much of the
northward migration from the British Islands of Lusitanian and other
forms had then ceased, but we have in Scandinavia, just as in these
islands, a southern relict fauna and flora, plants and animals which had
wandered across what is now the German Ocean from Scotland to
Scandinavia, and have never become extinct in that country to the
present day. I need only mention the Red Deer, the Badger, and Slugs of
the genus _Arion_.

Professor Blytt directs attention to some such southern relict species
of plants now only found in the extreme south-west of Scandinavia, such
as _Asplenium marinum_, _Hymenophyllum Wilsoni_, _Carex binervis_,
_Scilla verna_, _Erica cinerea_, _Conopodium denudatum_, _Meum
athamanticum_, and _Rosa involuta_ (p. 28).

The Arctic fauna and flora in Scandinavia--that is to say, the
descendants of those species which migrated direct from Greenland and
Spitsbergen, as we have seen, are numerous. They of course persisted
throughout the Glacial period in the country, and are now in many
localities being exterminated partly by change of climate, partly by a
keen competition with more vigorous rivals which have come to
Scandinavia from the east. It is a curious circumstance, as pointed out
by Professor Blytt, that the Arctic plants in the Botanic Gardens at
Christiania are able to stand almost any amount of sunshine, but are
very liable to be injured by the frost, and have to be covered in the
winter. A similar observation has been made in the case of the Alpine
plants at Kew Gardens, which have to be wintered in frames, though their
homes are either in the high Alps--among the everlasting snows--or in
the intensely cold climate of Greenland. Many of the Scandinavian plants
exhibit instances of discontinuous distribution, thus showing their
ancient origin; and there is altogether nothing in the fauna and flora
of that country which might lead us to believe that these were
exterminated during the Glacial period and reintroduced subsequently.
The climate during that period in Scandinavia was probably more equable
and moister,--with a greater snowfall in winter and with less sun to
melt the snow during summer,--so that the development of glaciers took
more formidable dimensions, chiefly on the east side. The lowlands of
Sweden were covered by the sea, whilst many of the valleys were choked
with great glaciers, which cast off portions of ice as the