took a different route of migration
from that followed by its near relative.

The Pine-Grosbeak (_Pinicola enucleator_) is only known to British
ornithologists as an exceedingly rare visitor. Its real home lies in the
northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, and it is one of the
most typical of the Siberian migrants.

But there are a number of other species of birds, which, though probably
not of Siberian origin, only migrated westward recently, and have
either not yet reached the British Islands, or which lead one to
suppose, from their British range, that they are eastern forms.

Such, for instance, is the Nightingale (_Daulias luscinia_), which is
probably of Oriental origin, but only visits England regularly in
spring. There is no authenticated record of its ever having migrated
either to Scotland or Ireland.

The Bearded Titmouse (_Panurus biarmicus_) is one of the eastern birds
still resident in England, though unfortunately it seems to be on the
verge of extinction. It is unknown in Scotland and Ireland. Another
resident eastern species is the Nuthatch (_Sitta caesia_), but neither of
these is probably of Siberian origin.

The majority of the European Reptiles are probably of eastern origin.
Among our British species, the Common Viper (_Pelias berus_), for
example, is a typically eastern form. It is almost unknown in Southern
Europe proper--that is to say, in Italy, the Balkan peninsula, and the
Mediterranean Islands, but its range extends in the west as far as
Spain, and in the east right across the Asiatic continent to Japan. It
is well known that the Viper occurs in Scotland, and that neither it nor
any other snake is found in Ireland. There is a legend, indeed, that
snakes did once exist in Ireland and were banished from the island by
St. Patrick, but unfortunately we have no historical evidence that such
an interesting event actually took place. The Sand-Lizard (_Lacerta
agilis_), another British species, may be looked upon as an eastern
form. It is quite absent from Italy, the Balkan peninsula, and the
Mediterranean Islands, but extends throughout Central Europe to the
east.

Among the species of eastern Reptiles which have a mere local range in
Europe might be mentioned the two Lizards, _Phrynocephalus auritus_ and
_Agama sanguinolenta_. They belong to the family _Iguanidae_, which
includes some very large species. Both of them are Asiatic forms, which
have only just penetrated across the