min of Tudela, a Jewish traveller of the same period.

109 Travels of Ibn Foslan, German translation, by Fraehn, p. 7.

110 "Die Voelker des Kaukasus," p. 284.

111 It owned before the confiscation of the church estates more than a
hundred thousand male serfs.

112 Studien ueber Russland, vol. i. p. 87.

113 Simocatta, _apud_ Basnage, p. 1332.

114 This reform, accomplished in the reign of Alexius, father of Peter
the Great, consisted chiefly in the correction of the text of the
Slavonic Scriptures and liturgical books, which had been greatly
disfigured by the ignorance of successive copyists, and in the
prohibition of some superstitious practices, which had usurped an
important part in the divine service of the Russian Church. These
wise reforms produced, however, a violent opposition, and several
millions separated from the established church, and are known,
though divided into many sects, under the general appellation of
_Raskolniks_, _i.e._, schismatics, whilst they call themselves
_Starovertzi_, or those of the old faith, and designate the
established church by the name of the Niconian heresy.

115 Leveque, Histoire de Russie revue, par Malte Brun et Depping, tom.
iv. p. 131.

116 The title of this book is "Das Merk wuerdige Jahr Meines Lebens"--"The
Memorable Year of my Life." It has been, I believe, translated into
English.

117 A civil grade equal to that of a captain in the army.

118 The author observes in a note that, in former times, a petty
ecclesiastical prince, the Archbishop of Cologne, could conceive and
partly execute the gigantic plan of the Cologne minster, and that in
the present time, though the whole of Germany had undertaken to
build the remainder of it, her people would have abandoned this
project long ago, if it were not supported by the kings. He ought,
however, I think, to confine his remarks to Germany, because there
are certainly more places of worship built by voluntary
contributions in England than in Russia.

119 Studien ueber Russland, vol. i. p. 91.

120 Studien ueber Russland, vol. i. p. 93.

121 Leveque, Histoire de Russie, vol. iv., p. 133.

122 London: Longman & Co. 1854.

123 The title of this curious production is, "An Appeal on the Eastern
Question to the Senatus Academicus of the Royal Coll