reat historian
of the Roman Catholic Church, Fleury, who says that Jerome answered
Vigilantius in 404.

_ 95 Vid. supra_, p. 14, _et seq._, the opinions of Chateaubriand and
Beugnot on the same subject.

96 The appellation of _regina caelorum_, queen of heaven, is frequently
given to the blessed Virgin in Roman Catholic litanies and hymns
addressed to her. The queen of heaven mentioned by Jeremiah is
supposed to be the same as Astarte, or the Syrian Venus.

97 Herodot., lib. ii., p. 36,--

"Qui grege linigero circumdatus et grege calvo,
Plangentis populi currit derisor Anubis."

_Juvenal_, vi. 532.

98 He describes in it the well-known Roman Catholic practice of
flagellation or self-whipping, which has been, and is still, done by
the priests and votaries of several Pagan deities.

99 "Namque omnia loca quae thuris constiterit vapore fumasse, si tamen
ea fuisse in jure thurificantium probabitur, fisco nostro adsocianda
censemus," &c.--_Vid._ also _supra_, p. 48.

100 I give these numbers on the authority of the Almanac de Gotha.

101 The facts of this curious affair have never been published, but they
are preserved in the ecclesiastical archives of Moscow, and a copy
of them in the ecclesiastical academy of St Petersburgh.--_Strahl's
Beytraege zur Russischen Kirchengeschichte_, p. 239.

102 Hermann Geschichte von Russland, 1853, vol. v., p. 89.

103 Anointment with oil makes a part of the Greek ritual of baptism.

104 These regulations may appear strange in a country like this, but in
Russia all the population is divided into various classes, and
nobody can pass from one of them into another without the
authorization of the Government; as, for instance, if a peasant or
agriculturist wishes to become a burgher by settling in a town. The
peasantry in the Baltic provinces were emancipated under the reign
of the Emperor Alexander, but the landowners still maintain a
certain authority over them.

105 The Pope, book iv., chap. 1.

106 Bodenstedt's Morning Land; or, Thousand and One Days in the East.
Second Series, vol. i., p. 61, _et seq._, a work which is
particularly interesting at the present time.

107 Studien ueber Russland, vol. i., p. 101.

108 The Russians of that time were known as slave dealers, according to
Benja