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s sources--Their territorial possessions--Their influence and incomes--Their opposition to the sciences--Their ultramontane principles--The "pass" of the Spanish sovereign necessary to the validity of the Pope's bulls--Doctrine of the Jansenists favoured by the ministers of Charles III.--Port-Royal and San Isidro--Parish priests--Sources of their income--Many of them good men, but deficient in scriptural knowledge and teaching--Their preaching--Abolition of tithes by the minister, Mendizabal--Effects of that measure--Poverty and present state of the clergy--Their degraded character and unpopularity--Their timidity in recent times of tumult--Ecclesiastical writers of the Peninsula--Power of the Inquisition curtailed by Charles III. CHAPTER II. MONACHISM--The superiority of the monastic over the 47 secular clergy--Reasons for it--Orders of Monks--The Carthusians--Their advancement in agriculture, and love of the fine arts--Their seclusion and mode of living--Only learned men admitted to their order--Their form of salutation--Curious adventure of a lady found in the cell of a Carthusian--The Hieronimites--The Mendicant orders--"Pious works"--The _Questacion_--Decline of Spain accounted for--Vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience--How vow of poverty eluded--_La honesta_--Vicar-general of the Franciscan orders--His immense income--Religious orders have produced many great and good men--Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros--His celebrated Bible--Corruption of monastic orders--Insubordination of friars to the bishops--The Jesuits--Deplorable reputation of their literature--Pascal, Escobar, Sanchez, and Mariana--Suppression of the Jesuits by Charles III.--Their subsequent expulsion by Espartero under Isabella II.--Nunneries, though spared on suppression of religious houses, utterly useless--The Pope's attempt to perpetuate them by _concordat_--The lives of the nuns described--Their means of subsistence is now precarious--Convent de las Huelgas. CHAPTER III. CELIBACY AND MORALS--Illicit relations formed by the 73 clergy--Shameless avowal of their fruits--Ferocious character of love in the cloisters--Three flagrant cases--Murder of a young lady by her confessor, the Carmelite of San Lucar--His trial and sentence--Murder by a wife of her husband under the direction of her confessor, the Capuchine of Cuenca--His trial, imprisonment,
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