gebiet_
(_Petermann's Mittheilungen_, 1879, p. 91). On the map which
accompanies Engehardt's reproduction of Wrangel's _Journey_ (Berlin,
1839), the limit of trees at the Lena is placed at 71 deg. N.L. ]

[Footnote 20: On the Kola Peninsula, and in the neighbourhood of the
White Sea, as far as to Ural, the limit of trees consists of a
species of pine (_Picea obovata_, Ledeb.), but farther east in
Kamschatka again of birch.--Th. von Middendorff, _Reise in dem
aeussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens_, vol. iv. p. 582. ]

[Footnote 21: An idea of the influence exerted by the immediate
neighbourhood of a warm ocean-current in making the climate milder
may be obtained from the following table of the mean temperatures of
the different months at

1. Tromsoe (69 deg. 30' N.L.);
2. Fruholm, near North Cape (71 deg. 6' N.L.);
3. Vardoe (70 deg. 22' N.L.);
4. Enontekis and Karesuando, on the river Muonio, in the interior
of Lapland (68 deg. 26' N.L.).
Tromsoe Fruholm Vardoe Enontekis
January........... -4.2 deg. -2.7 deg. -6.0 deg. -13.7 deg.
February.......... -4.0 -4.7 -6.4 -17.1
March............. -3.8 -3.2 -5.1 -11.4
April............. -0.1 -0.9 -1.7 -6.0
May............... +3.2 +2.7 +1.8 +0.9
June.............. +8.7 +7.5 +5.9 +8.0
July.............. +11.5 +9.3 +8.8 +11.6
August........... +10.4 +9.9 +9.8 +12.0
September......... +7.0 +5.8 +6.4 +4.5
October........... +2.0 +2.5 +1.3 -4.0
November.......... -1.7 -1.1 -2.1 -9.9
December.......... -3.2 -1.9 -4.0 -11.3

The figures are taken from H. Mohn's _Norges Klima_ (reprinted from
O.F. Schubeler's _Voextlivet i Norge_, Christiania, 1879), and A.
J. Angstroem, _Om lufttemperaturen i Enontekis_ (Oefvers. af Vet. Akad.
Foerhandl, 1860). ]

[Footnote 22: Orosius was born in Spain in the fourth century after
Christ, and died in the beginning of the fifth. He was a Christian,
and wrote his work to show that the world, in opposition to the
statements of several heathen writers, had been visited during the
heathen period by quite as great calamities as during the Christian.
This is probably the reason why his monotonous