. This
seemed admissible, and Cecil and his colleagues pronounced the affair
arranged. But they had reckoned without the queen after all.

Elizabeth sent for Caron as soon as she heard of the agreement, flew into
a great rage, refused the terms, swore that she would instantly make
peace with Spain, and thundered loudly against her ministers.

"They were great beasts," she said, "if they had stated that she would
not treat with the enemy. She had merely intended to defer the
negotiations."

So the whole business was to be done over again. At last the sum claimed
by the queen, fourteen hundred thousand pounds, was reduced by agreement
to eight hundred thousand, and one-half of this the envoys undertook on
the part of the States to refund in annual payments of thirty thousand
pounds, while the remaining four hundred thousand should be provided for
by some subsequent arrangement. All attempts, however, to obtain a
promise from the queen to restore the cautionary towns to the republic in
case of a peace between Spain and England remained futile.

That was to be a bone of contention for many years.

It was further agreed by the treaty, which was definitely signed on the
16th August, that, in case England were invaded by the common enemy, the
States should send to the queen's assistance at least thirty ships of
war, besides five thousand infantry and five squadrons of horse.

CHAPTER XXXV.

Negotiations between France and Spain--Conclusion of the treaty of
peace--Purchase of the allegiance of the French nobles--Transfer of
the Netherlands to Albert and Isabella--Marriage of the Infante and
the Infanta--Illness of Philip II.--Horrible nature of his malady--
His last hours and death--Review of his reign--Extent of the Spanish
dominions--Causes of the greatness of Spain, and of its downfall--
Philip's wars and their expenses--The Crown revenues of Spain--
Character of the people--Their inordinate self-esteem--Consequent
deficiency of labour--Ecclesiastical Government--Revenues of the
Church--Characteristics of the Spanish clergy--Foreign commerce of
Spain--Governmental system of Philip II.--Founded on the popular
ignorance and superstition--Extinction of liberty in Spain--The Holy
Inquisition--The work and character of Philip.

While the utterly barren conferences had been going on at Angiers and
Nantes between Henry IV. and the republican envoys, the negotiations had
been pro