and attempts the surprise of Genoa.

Provence invaded by Charles V.

Discovery of California by Cortes.

1537. Death of Jane Seymour, Queen of England.

Further enslavement of the Indians forbidden by a brief of Pope Paul
III.

1538. General suppression of monasteries and destruction of relics in
England.

Truce of Nice, for ten years, between France and Spain.

Marriage of Mary de Guise with James V of Scotland.

John Calvin expelled Geneva.

1539. Publication of Cranmer's Bible in England.

Calvin, head of the Reformers, founds the University of Geneva.

Beginning of the explorations of De Soto, after his landing in Florida.

Emperor Charles V drives the citizens of Ghent into revolt against his
exactions.

1540. Marriage of Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves; she is divorced; the
King marries Catherine Howard.

Submission of Ghent to Charles V; he destroys its liberties; many of the
citizens find refuge in England.

Papal sanction given to the Society of Jesus. See "FOUNDING OF THE
JESUITS," ix, 261.

Cherry-trees, carried from Flanders, first planted in England.

First known printing in America; done in Mexico. See "ORIGIN AND
PROGRESS OF PRINTING," viii, 1.

1541. Charles V heads an unsuccessful expedition against Algiers.

Hungary overrun by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent.

King John III of Portugal requests Francis Xavier and other Jesuits to
undertake missions to his colonies.

De Soto reaches the Mississippi River. See "DE SOTO DISCOVERS THE
MISSISSIPPI," ix, 277.

1542. Discovery of Japan by the Portuguese.*

Execution of Catherine Howard, fifth queen-consort of Henry VIII. He
assumes the title of king of Ireland.

Battle of Solway Moss; successful invasion of Scotland by the English.

War renewed between Francis I and Charles V.

Trade with Japan by the Portuguese permitted.

1543. Marriage of Henry VIII with Catherine Parr.

"REVOLUTION OF ASTRONOMY BY COPERNICUS." See ix, 285.

Birth and accession of Mary Stuart to the throne of Scotland; Earl of
Arran is regent.

1544. Invasion of Scotland by the English under the Earl of Hertford;
they burn Edinburgh.

Mary and Elizabeth restored to the right of succession to the English
throne.

1545. Attempted invasion of England by the French.

Nineteenth general council. See "COUNCIL OF TRENT AND THE
COUNTER-REFORMATION," ix, 293.

Spanish discovery of the silver mines of Potosi.

Massacre of the Va