A," ix, 36.

1518. First preaching of the reformed doctrines by Zwingli, in
Switzerland.

Conquest of Arabia by the Ottomans.

1519. Death of Maximilian I; his grandson, Charles I of Spain--jointly
with Ferdinand his brother, in his hereditary realm--elected as Emperor
Charles V. Union under one crown of the German Empire, Spain, the
Netherlands, the Sicilies, Sardinia, and the Spanish Indies.

Cortes first enters Mexico. See "CORTES CAPTURES THE CITY OF MEXICO,"
ix, 72.

Mouth of the Mississippi discovered by Francisco de Garay.

Magellan starts on his expedition to circumnavigate the world. See
"FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE GLOBE," ix, 41.

1520. Papal bull of Leo X against Luther, who publicly burns it. See
"LUTHER BEGINS THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY," ix, 1.

Execution of nobles at Stockholm, following the successful invasion of
Sweden by King Christian II of Denmark; Sten Sture, the Protector, is
mortally wounded at Bogesund; Christian proclaimed king.

Henry VIII of England agrees to meet Francis I of France. See "THE FIELD
OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD," ix, 59.

Solyman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottomans, succeeds Selim I.

1521. Conquest of Belgrade by the Ottoman Turks.

Issue of the first of the Placards, edicts of Emperor Charles V against
heresy, in the Netherlands.

First of the wars between Charles V and Francis I; Navarre
unsuccessfully invaded by the French; France invaded from the north;
Milan lost to the French.

Treaty of Bruges between Henry VIII and Charles V.

Execution of the Duke of Buckingham for high treason; the office of
constable of England, his inheritance, abolished.

"CORTES CAPTURES THE CITY OF MEXICO." See ix, 72.

Magellan reaches the Ladrones and the Philippines; he is slain on an
island of the latter group.

1522. Conquest of Rhodes from the Knights of St. John by the Turks,
under Solyman the Magnificent.

Battle of La Biococca; the French defeated by the forces of Charles
under Colonna.

France invaded by the English under the Earl of Surrey.

A ship belonging to Magellan's fleet completes the circumnavigation of
the globe.

Luther publishes his New Testament; he writes his Reply to Henry VIII,
who had been dubbed "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X, in
acknowledgment of a book, _A Defence of the Seven Sacraments_, written
against Luther.

1523. Invasion of France by Henry VIII and Charles V.

Italy invaded by the French.

Abrogation of th