ipal ports with which they traded. The
English administration was favourable to the liberties as well as to the
trade of the city. In 1235 it received the right of electing its mayors,
who were assisted in the administration by a "jurade" or municipal
council. The influence of Bordeaux was still further increased when
several important towns of the region, among them St Emilion and
Libourne, united in a federation under its leadership. The defeat of the
English at the battle of Castillon in 1453 was followed, after a siege
of three months, by the submission of Bordeaux to Charles VII. The
privileges of the city were at once curtailed, and were only partially
restored under Louis XI., who established there the parlement of
Guienne. In 1548 the inhabitants resisted the imposition of the salt-tax
by force of arms, a rebellion for which they were punished by the
constable Anne de Montmorency with merciless severity.

The reformed religion found numerous adherents at Bordeaux, and after
the massacre of St Bartholomew nearly three hundred of its inhabitants
lost their lives. The 17th century was a period of disturbance. The city
was for a time the chief support of the Fronde, and on two occasions, in
1653 and 1675, troops were sent to repress insurrections against royal
measures. In the middle of the 18th century, a period of commercial and
architectural activity for Bordeaux, the marquis de Tourny, _intendant_
of Guienne, did much to improve the city by widening the streets and
laying out public squares. It was the headquarters of the Girondists at
the Revolution, and during the Reign of Terror suffered almost as
severely as Lyons and Marseilles. Its commerce was greatly reduced under
Napoleon I. In 1814 it declared for the house of Bourbon; and Louis
XVIII. afterwards gave the title of duc de Bordeaux to his grand-nephew,
better known as the comte de Chambord. In 1870 the French government was
transferred to Bordeaux from Tours on the approach of the Germans to the
latter city.

See Camille Jullian, _Hist. de Bordeaux, depuis les origines jusqu'en
1895_ (Bordeaux, 1895); T. Malvezin, _Hist. du commerce de Bordeaux_
(Bordeaux, 1892); _Bordeaux, apercu historique, sol, population,
industrie, commerce, administration_ (Bordeaux, 1892).

BORDEN, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1847- ), Canadian statesman, was born
at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, on the 14th of May 1847. He was educated at
King's College, Windsor, and at Ha