but once
the conquest was made he governed his subjects with firmness and
justice, so that his rule was preferred to the anarchy of factions and
local despots. But he was certainly not a man of genius, as has long
been imagined, and his success was chiefly due to the support of the
papacy; once his father was dead his career was at an end, and he could
no longer play a prominent part in Italian affairs. His fall proved on
how unsound a basis his system had been built up.

The chief authorities for the life of Cesare Borgia are the same as
those of Alexander VI., especially M. Creighton's _History of the
Papacy_, vol. v. (London, 1897); F. Gregorovius's _Geschichte der
Stadt Rom_, vol. vii. (Stuttgart, 1881); and P. Villari's
_Machiavelli_ (London 1892); also C. Yriarte, _Cesar Borgia_ (Paris,
1889), an admirable piece of writing; Schubert-Soldern, _Die Borgia
und ihre Zeit_ (Dresden, 1902), which contains the latest discoveries
on the subject; and E. Alvisi, _Cesare Borgia, Duca di Romagna_
(Imola, 1878). (L. V.*)

BORGIA, FRANCIS (1510-1572), Roman Catholic saint, duke of Gandia, and
general of the order of Jesuits, was born at Gandia (Valencia) on the
10th of October 1510, and from boyhood was remarkable for his piety.
Educated from his twelfth year at Saragossa under the charge of his
uncle the archbishop, he had begun to show a strong inclination towards
the monastic life, when his father sent him in 1528 to the court of
Charles V. Here he distinguished himself, and on his marriage with
Eleanor de Castro, a Portuguese lady of high rank, he was created
marquis of Lombay, and was appointed master of the horse to the empress.
He accompanied Charles on his African expedition in 1535, and also into
Provence in 1536; and on the death of the empress in 1539 he was deputed
to convoy the body to the burial-place in Granada. This sad duty
confirmed his determination to leave the court, and also, should he
survive his consort, to embrace the monastic life. On his return to
Toledo, however, new honours were thrust upon him, much against his
will; he was made viceroy of Catalonia and commander of the order of St
James. At Barcelona, the seat of his government, he lived a life of
great austerity, but discharged his official duties with energy and
efficiency until 1543, when, having succeeded his father in the
dukedom, he at length obtained permission to resign his viceroyalty and
to retire to a more