l, anima:lis (-ium[A])\, n., _animal_
/avis, avis (-ium)\, f., _bird_ (aviation)
/caede:s, caedis (-ium)\, f., _slaughter_
calcar, calca:ris (-ium), n., _spur_
/ci:vis, ci:vis (-ium)\, m. and f., _citizen_ (civic)
/clie:ns, clientis (-ium)\, m., _retainer, dependent_ (client)
/fi:nis, fi:nis (-ium)\, m., _end, limit_ (final);
plur., _country, territory_
/hostis, hostis (-ium)\, m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile).
Distinguish from /inimi:cus\, which means a _personal_ enemy
/ignis, ignis (-ium)\, m., _fire_ (ignite)
/i:nsigne, i:nsignis (-ium)\, n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign)
/mare, maris (-ium[B])\, n., _sea_ (marine)
/na:vis, na:vis (-ium)\, f., _ship_ (naval);
/na:vis longa\, _man-of-war_
/turris, turris (-ium)\, f., _tower_ (turret)
/urbs, urbis (-ium)\, f., _city_ (suburb). An /urbs\ is larger than an
/oppidum\.

[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark
the i-stems.]

[Footnote B: The genitive plural of /mare\ is not in use.]

_241._ To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know
whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are

1. Masculines and feminines:

_a._ Nouns in -e:s and -i:s with the same number of syllables in
the genitive as in the nominative. Thus /caede:s, caedis\, is an
i-stem, but /mi:les, mi:litis\, is a consonant stem.

_b._ Nouns in -ns and -rs.

_c._ Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant.

2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.

_242._ The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of
consonant stems. Note the following differences:

_a._ Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and
-i:s or -e:s in the accusative plural.

_b._ Neuters have -i: in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every
form of the plural.

_243._ Masculine and Feminine _I_-Stems. Masculine and feminine
i-stems are declined as follows:

caede:s, f., hostis, urbs, f., clie:ns, m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti-
BASES caed- host- urb- client-

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
Nom. caede:s hostis urbs clie:ns[1] -s, -is,
_or_ -e:s