means the husband of a Sudra woman. By
actually marrying a woman of the lowest order, by marrying before the
elder brother, by marrying a girl that has attained to puberty, and by
certain other acts, a Brahmana comes to be regarded as a Vrishalipati.

552. Kutapa is the hour about noontide. The shade of the elephant's body
implies a particular instant of time that is regarded as very favourable
for the Sraddha. The man that performs such a Sraddha is regarded as
acquiring the merits attaching to Sraddhas regularly performed for
thirteen years.

553. In India the tooth-brush consists of a twig or a little branch. One
end of it is chewed and softened. The softened fibres serve the purpose
of a brush. Such a brush is used only once. It is thrown away after the
brushing of the teeth is over.

554. It is difficult to identify what plants are meant by Karanjaka and
Suvarachala.

555. Bhanda includes utensils of copper and brass such as plates and cups
and jars and jugs. Broken utensils, to this day, are regarded
inauspicious. They are rejected, as a rule, by every family. Kali (Evil?)
has his abode in them, meaning that such utensils cause quarrels and
disputes. Broken bed-steads also are regarded as capable of causing loss
of wealth. Cocks and dogs should never be kept or reared in a house. The
roots of trees afford shelter to scorpions and snakes and venomous
insects and worms. One should not, therefore, plant trees or allow them
to grow up within one's abode.

556. A Brahmana's fire should never be ignited by a Sudra. Women also
should never be allowed to assist at Sraddhas for arranging the offerings.

557. Pramathas are the ghostly companions of Mahadeva. Literally, the
name implies smiters.

558. Anujnatah literally implies permitted. These creatures, i.e., the
kine, were permitted by me, means, perhaps, that they became my
favourites. Brahman, it is said, solicited Maheswara to accept some kine
in gift. The latter did accept some, and adopt from that time the device
of the bull on his flag.

559. Sambhrama here means, probably, joy, or that gratification which
shows itself in horripilation. It may also mean alacrity.

560. Upavasa here, as explained by the commentator, is used for
Indriyajaya or subjugation of the senses.

561. He who takes his meals at the proper hours is said to observe fasts.
He who avoids sexual congress with other women and associates with only
his wedded spouse and that at her season,