ield, 73. Discovery of Mauve by Perkin, 74.
History of Aniline, 75. The Distillation of Coal-tar, 77. Separation of
the Hydrocarbons of the Benzene Series, 82. Manufacture of Aniline and
Toluidine, 87. History and Manufacture of Magenta, 89. Blue, Violet, and
Green Dyes from Magenta, 92. The Triphenylmethane Group, 97. The Azines,
108. Lauth's Violet and Methylene Blue, 111. Aniline Black, 114.
Introduction of Azo-dyes, 115. Aniline Yellow, Manchester Brown, and
Chrysoidine, 118. The Indulines, 121. Chronological Summary, 122.

CHAPTER III.

Natural Sources of Indigo, 124. Syntheses of the Colouring-matter, 126.
Carbolic Oil, its treatment and its constituents, 129. Phenol Dyes, 132.
Salicylic Acid and its uses, 134. Picric Acid, 136. Naphthalene and its
applications, 139. The Albo-carbon Light, 140. Phthalic Acid and the
Phthaleins, 145. Magdala Red, 149. Azo-dyes from the Naphthols,
Naphthylamines, and their Sulpho-acids, 150. Naphthol Green, the Oxazines,
and the Indophenols, 161. Creosote Oil, 163. The Lucigen Burner, 163.
Anthracene Oil, 167. The Discovery of Artificial Alizarin, and its effects
on Madder growing, 167. The industrial isolation of Anthracene and its
conversion into Colouring-matters, 171. Pitch, and its uses, 176. Patent
Fuel, or Briquettes, 178. Coal-tar products in Pharmacy, 178. Aromatic
Perfumes, 185. Coal-tar Saccharin, 186. Coal-tar Products in Photography,
188. Coal-tar Products in Biology, 192. Value of the Coal-tar Industry,
194. The Coal-tar Industry in relation to pure Science, 196. Permanence of
the Artificial Colouring-matters, 198. Chronological Summary, 200.
Addendum, 202.

COAL; AND WHAT WE GET FROM IT.

CHAPTER I.

"Hier [1771] fand sich eine zusammenhaengende Ofenreihe, wo
Steinkohlen abgeschwefelt und zum Gebrauch bei Eisenwerken tauglich
gemacht werden sollten; allein zu gleicher Zeit wollte man Oel und
Harz auch zu Gute machen, ja sogar den Russ nicht missen, und so
unterlag den vielfachen Absichten alles zusammen."--Goethe, _Wahrheit
und Dichtung_, Book X.

To get at the origin of the familiar fuel which blazes in our grates with
such lavish waste of heat, and pollutes the atmosphere of our towns with
its unconsumed particles, we must in imagination travel backwards through
the course of time to a very remote period of the world's history. Ages
before man, or the species of animals and plants which are contemporaneous
with hi