otton Industry_.

[44] There are other permissible arrangements, namely from 7 to 7 and
from 8 to 8, but they are not used in the textile trades of
Lancashire.

[45] The figures for looms are based upon a number of returns and
estimates. Those for spindles are taken from the highly authoritative
estimates of the International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners.

[46] _Journal of Board of Trade_, April 28th, 1904.

[47] The early history of the industry in the United States is
summarized in one of the official bulletins of the state of
Massachusetts, dated 1798. See W. R. Bagnall, _Textile Industries of
the U. S._ (1893).

[48] See also the official report of J. P. Harris-Gastrell in 1873.

[49] Quoted by Schulze-Gaevernitz.

[50] _Memorandum_ on British and foreign trade and industrial
conditions.

[51] The method of calculating these percentages is discussed in the
blue-book mentioned.

[52] Upon the above see Uttley's report.

[53] The figures are those quoted by Mr T. M. Young and relate to the
year 1902.

[54] See e.g. some passages upon this point in Uttley's report.

[55] For an account of the numerous types of automatic looms see the
article on WEAVING: S Machinery.

[56] Of which special mention may be made of Uttley's report as a
Gartside scholar of the university of Manchester, already referred
to, and Pidgin's report for the Massachusetts Bureau of Labour
Statistics.

[57] _Textile Recorder_, August 15th, 1905.

[58] Young's _American Cotton Industry_, p. 13.

[59] Uttley's report, p. 4.

[60] Similar formulae have been used above, where a fuller
explanation is given.

[61] Deutschland als Industriestaat.

COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY. The earliest inventors of spinning machinery
(see SPINNING) directed their energies chiefly to the improvement of the
final stage of the operation, but no sooner were these machines put to
practical use than it became apparent that success depended upon
mechanically conducting the operations preliminary to spinning. Later
inventors were, therefore, called upon not only to improve the
inventions of their predecessors, but to devise machinery for preparing
the fibres to be spun. Arkwright quickly perceived the importance of
this aspect of the problem, and he devoted even more energy to it than
to the invention with which his name is more intimately associa