ave surface, much or little of which is
available, and the available part of which is fertile in greater or
less degree; and we have configuration of surface, as uniform or
multiform.... _On these sets of conditions, inorganic and organic,
characterizing the environment, primarily depends the possibility of
social evolution_."--Spencer, "Principles of Sociology," vol. 1, p. 10.

2. "These considerations clearly prove that of the _two primary causes
of civilization, the fertility of the soil_ is the one which in the
ancient world exercised most influence. But in European civilization,
_the other great cause_, that is to say, _climate_, has been the most
powerful.

"Owing to circumstances which I shall presently state, the only progress
which is really effective depends, not upon the bounty of nature, but
upon the _energy of man_. Therefore it is, that the civilization of
Europe, which, in its earliest stage, was governed by _climate_, has
shown a capacity of development unknown to those civilizations which
were originated by _soil_."--Buckle, "History of Civilization," vol. 1,
p. 36--37.*

* I wish to state here that I had never read the above from
Buckle, nor had I seen anywhere a statement so like my own,
at the time mine was written. I read this for the first time
while reading the proofs of this chapter. So much for what
may appear plagiarism.--H. H. Q,

Appendix B.

1. "Napoleon himself was indifferent to Christianity, but he saw that
the clergy were friends of despotism."--Buckle.

2. "Thus it is that a careful survey of history will prove that the
Reformation made the most progress not in those countries where the
people were most enlightened, but in those countries where, from
political causes, the clergy were least able to withstand the
people."--Buckle.

3. "Christian civilization in the twentieth century of its existence,
degrades its women to labor fit only for beasts of the field; harnessing
them with dogs to do the most menial labors; it drags them below even
this, holding their womanhood up to sale, _putting both Church and State
sanction_ upon their moral death; which, in some places, as in the city
of Berlin, so far recognizes the sale of women's bodies for the vilest
purposes _as part of the Christian religion, that license for this life
is refused until they have partaken of the Sacrament_; and demands
of the '10,000 licensed women of the town' of the city of H