utralize| convert |saponifi-| |
| the acid.|the ether.| cation. | Ratio. |
----------------+----------+----------+---------+--------+
Japanese wax | 20 | 200 | 220 | 10 |
Carnauba wax | 4 | 75 | 79 | 19 |
Tallow | 4 | 176 | 180 | 44 |
Stearic acid | 195 | 0 | 195 | 0/195 |
Rosin | 110 | 1.6 | 112 | 0.015 |
Paraffine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ceresine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Yellow beeswax | 20 | 75 | 95 | 3.75 |
----------------+----------+----------+---------+--------+

The author deduces the following conclusions as the results of these
investigations:

1. If the numbers obtained lie between these limits, 19 to 21, 73 to
76, 92 to 97, and 3.6 to 3.8 respectively, it may be assumed that the
beeswax is pure, provided it also corresponds to beeswax in its
physical properties.

2. If the saponification figures fall below 92 and yet the ratio is
correct, it is adulterated with some neutral substance like paraffine.

3. If the ratio is above 3.8, it is very probable that Japanese or
carnauba wax or grease has been added.

4. If the ratio falls below 3.6, stearic acid or resin has been used
as the adulterant.

* * * * *

PHENOL IN THE STEM, LEAVES, AND CONES OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS.

A DISCOVERY BEARING ON THE FLORA OF THE CARBONIFEROUS EPOCH AND THE
FORMATION OF PETROLEUM.

By A.B. GRIFFITHS, Ph.D., F.C.S. Membre de la Societe Chimique de
Paris, Medallist in Chemistry and Botany, etc.

Having found, in small quantities, alcohols of the C_{n}H_{2n-7}
series, last summer, in the stem, acicular leaves, and cones of _Pinus
sylvestris_, I wish in this paper to say a few words on the subject.

First of all, I took a number of cones, cut them up into small pieces,
and placed them in a large glass beaker, then nearly filled it with
distilled water, and heated to about 80 deg. C., keeping the decoction at
this temperature for about half an hour, I occasionally stirred with a
glass rod, and then allowed it to cool, and filtered. This filtrate
was then evaporated nearly to dryness, when a small quantity of
six-sided prisms crystallized out, which subsequently were found to be
the hydrate of phenol (C_{6}H_{5}HO)_{2}H_{2}O. Its melting point was
found t