put in the position
required in the articulation of the corresponding subvocals; but the
breath is expelled with some force without the utterance of any vocal
sound. The pupil should first verify this by experiment, and then practice
on these cognates.

The following subvocals and aspirates have no cognates.

SUBVOCALS.

Subvocal as in Subvocal as in
-------- ----- -------- -----
l mill r rule
m rim r car
n run w win
ng sing y yet

ASPIRATES

Aspirate as in
-------- -----
h hat
wh when

SUBSTITUTES.

Substitutes are characters used to represent sounds ordinarily represented
by other characters.

TABLE OF SUBSTITUTES.

Substitute for as in Substitute for as in
---------- --- ----- ---------- --- -----
a o what y i hymn
e a there c s cite
e a freight c k cap
i e police ch sh machine
i e sir ch k chaos
o u son g j cage
o oo to n ng rink
o oo would s z rose
o a corn s ah sure
o u work x gz examine
u oo pull gh f laugh
u oo rude ph f sylph
y i my qu k pique
qu kw quick

FAULTS TO BE REMEDIED.

DIRECTION.--Give to each sound, to each syllable, and to each word its
full, distinct, and appropriate utterance.

For the purpose of avoiding the more common errors under this head,
observe the following rules:

RULE II.--Avoid the omission of unaccented vowels.

EXAMPLES.

Incorrect Correct Incorrect Correct
--------- ----------- ---------- ---------
Sep'rate sep-a-rate Ev'dent ev-i-dent
met-ric'l met-ric-al mem'ry mem-o-ry
'pear ap-pear 'pin-ion o-pin-ion
com-p'tent com-pe-tent pr'pose pro-pose
pr'cede pre-cede gran'lar gran-u-lar
'spe-cial