Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin,
Samsun, Trabzon

Merchant marine:
total: 423 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,014,004 GRT/8,695,636
DWT
ships by type: bulk 113, cargo 203, chemical tanker 14, combination
bulk 7, combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4,
livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 46, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 9, short-sea passenger 7, specialized
tanker 2

Airports:
total: 116
with paved runways over 3,047 m: 16
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21
with paved runways under 914 m: 34
with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11

@Turkey:Communications

Telephone system: 3,400,000 telephones; fair domestic and
international systems
local: NA
intercity: trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire
network
international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT earth
station; 1 submarine cable

Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0
radios: NA

Television:
broadcast stations: 357
televisions: NA

@Turkey:Defense Forces

Branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry),
Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability: males age 15-49 16,519,152; males fit for
military service 10,067,089; males reach military age (20) annually
625,476 (1995 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, 4.1% of
GDP (1993); note - figures do not include about $7 billion for the
government's counterinsurgency efforts against the separatist
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)

________________________________________________________________________

TURKMENISTAN

@Turkmenistan:Geography

Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and
Kazakhstan

Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian
States

Area:
total area: 488,100 sq km
land area: 488,100 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than California

Land boundaries: total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km,
Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Coastline: 0 km
note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Maritime claims: none; landlocked

International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined

Climate: subtropical desert

Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert w