hing through Local Board.= In the simplest form of long-distance
switching, the lines terminate in switchboards with local lines and may
be connected with each other and with the local lines through the
regular cord circuits, if the equipment be of the magneto type. The
waystations on such a line are equipped with magneto generators. These
waystations may signal each other by bell ringing; the central office
may call any waystation by ringing the proper signal and may supervise
in a way all traffic on such lines by noting the calls for other
stations than the supervising exchange.

=Operators' Orders.= _By Call Circuits._ Where the long-distance traffic
between two communities is large, economy requires that the sending of
signals by ringing over the line, waiting for an answer, and then
reciting the details of the call, be improved upon. If the traffic is
large and the distance between communities small, call circuits are
established in the same way as between the switchboards in several
manual central offices of an exchange. The long-distance operator
handling the originating call passes the necessary details to the
distant operator by telephone over the call circuit. Such circuits also
are known as order circuits. They are accessible to originating
operators at keys and are connected directly and permanently to the
telephone sets of receiving operators. One call circuit can handle the
orders for a large number of actual conversation circuits. The operator
at the receiving end designates the conversation circuit which shall be
used, the originating operator following that instruction.

_By Telegraph._ Where traffic and distance are large, conversation lines
cost more than in the case last assumed. It then is of greater
importance to use all the possible talking circuits for actual
conversations in order that the revenue may be as high as possible. A
phantom circuit good enough for call circuit purposes would be good
enough for actual commercial messages, therefore, it is customary to
furnish such originating and receiving operators with Morse telegraph
sets. The lines are obtained by applying composite apparatus to the
conversation circuits. Two Morse circuits can be had from each
long-distance line without impairing any quality of that line except the
ability to ring over it. As one Morse circuit can carry information
enough between two operators to enable them to keep many telephone
circuits busy, they do not need