rantian Estate, and Kalabakan.

_Primary forest._--We were fortunate in being able to work on the very
edge of the primary forest 12 miles north of Kalabakan. The composition
of the primary forest was much like that at Quoin Hill and will not be
discussed further. About a month after we arrived at our forest camp,
logging crews moved in and cut the commercial timber near our area. The
only immediately noticeable difference in the makeup of the avifauna
after destruction of the forest canopy was the appearance of the drongo
_Dicrurus aeneus_. This drongo was seen in areas where the trees had
been cut, sitting on limbs and darting out after insects.

_Secondary forest._--The area around Kalabakan proper was in secondary
forest, which was almost impossible to penetrate. At Kalabakan,
_Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus_, _Cecropsia striolata_, and _Macronous
ptilosus_ were taken and I did not see them elsewhere. Kalabakan is
situated on the Kalabakan River at the upper tidal limit. The
Nipa-Mangrove association, not investigated, lies immediately below
Kalabakan.

The Brantian Estate area was mostly in secondary forest and was situated
on the Brantian River. There were some fairly large areas of grass with
water buffalo wallows in them. These grassy areas were favorite haunts
of the Painted Quail, _Coturnix chinensis_.

TENOM.--The first locality that we investigated was 5.5 miles southwest
of Tenom, approximately 4,000 feet elevation, in moss forest. A few days
were spent collecting in the area of Tenom itself.

_Moss forest._--The lower altitudinal limit of the moss forest was about
3,600 feet. The trees on top of the mountain were mostly oaks
(_Quercus_) and were festooned with ferns, orchids, and other epiphytes.
The area had been used as a triangulation station by a survey team and a
small area on top of the mountain had been cleared earlier. At the time
of our visit this small area had grown to secondary vegetation, mostly
_Pandanus_. The oaks in the primary forest surrounding this disturbed
area were generally about 30 to 50 feet high and there was little
undergrowth in virgin stands. This area was usually swathed in fog from
three o'clock in the afternoon until eleven o'clock the next morning.
One morning of our fourteen there was clear.

_Paddy._--The area visited at Tenom itself consisted mostly of old paddy
grown to grass and scrub. Forest did occur but was of secondary nature
in the immediate vicinity of Tenom.