s affording lumber
of commercial quality had been taken out, modifying somewhat the
character of the forest. Such forest actually contained many of the
animals characteristic of primary forest, and I refer to it as badly
disturbed primary forest.

_Secondary forest._--In some of the areas adjoining the research
station, roads had been bulldozed for future expansion and trees had
been cut. These areas were starting to grow dense stands of grass and
shrubs and will be jungle in a few years unless cut back. Most of the
trees in this area are saplings with some trees as large as a foot in
diameter.

_Fluviatile waters._--There are numerous small streams in the Quoin Hill
area, the largest being the Balung River and Apas River. Little work was
done along these streams and only the thrushes of the genus _Enicurus_
and some kingfishers seemed to be confined to them.

_Cocoa plantations._--Artificial plantings of cocoa, _Theobroma cacao_,
formed a major habitat type at Quoin Hill, and provided a major source
of food for birds. Cocoa planters have found it necessary to provide
shade with trees of some other species. In some instances trees from the
original primary forest were left standing to provide this shade, but
more often exotic trees were planted. Most of the shade trees were of no
use to birds save for providing resting places. _Trema orientalis_ was
the most important in providing food for birds. Its fruit was used more
by the frugivorous species of birds than that of any other tree in the
cocoa plantings. Tree Cassava, an exotic, was constantly attended by the
nectariniids, or honey creepers.

Although the cocoa plantings did not provide much plant material for
bird food, they did apparently nourish a horde of insects, which the
birds fed upon. A Drongo-cuckoo, _Surniculus lugubris_, had 50
caterpillars in its stomach. Healthy cocoa trees were sparsely inhabited
by birds but areas that were obviously infested with insects literally
swarmed with birds. Dead shade trees in the cocoa plantings also
provided food for woodpeckers, with four species being found utilizing
these dead trees.

_Abaca._--The last of the habitat types that I recognized at Quoin Hill
was a small grove of Abaca, _Musa textilis_, and wild bananas, _Musa_
sp. This habitat type was frequented by spiderhunters (_Arachnothera_
sp.) of the family Nectariniidae.

KALABAKAN.--We worked at three localities in this area: 12 miles north
of Kalabakan, B