chilly cellars, fevers, rheumatism, contagious and inflammatory
disorders, affections of the lungs, skin, and eyes, and numerous
others, are rife, and too often successfully combat the skill of the
physician and the benevolence of strangers.

"'I speak now of the influence of the locality merely. The degraded
habits of life, the degenerate morals, the confined and crowded
apartments, and insufficient food, of those who live in more elevated
rooms, comparatively beyond the reach of the exhalations of the soil,
engender a different train of diseases, sufficiently distressing to
contemplate; but the addition to all these causes of the foul
influences of the incessant moisture and more confined air of
under-ground rooms, is productive of evils which humanity cannot
regard without shuddering.'

"He gives instances where the cellar population had been ravaged by
fever, whilst the population occupying the upper apartments of the
same houses were untouched. In respect to the condition of these
places, he cites the testimony of a physician, who states that,
'frequently in searching for a patient living in the same cellar, my
attention has been attracted to the place by a peculiar and nauseous
effluvium issuing from the door, indicative of the nature and
condition of the inmates.' A main cause of this is the filthy
external state of the dwellings and defective street cleansing and
defective supplies of water, which, except that no provision is made
for laying it on the houses of the poorer classes, is about to be
remedied by a superior public provision."

After considering this account of the State of New York, it will hardly
do to say, that, even under favourable circumstances, you can leave the
great mass of the people to take care of those structural arrangements
with regard to their habitations, which only the scientific research of
modern times has taught any persons to regard with due attention.

* * * * *

We have now gone over some of the principal places where the employer of
labour may find scope for benevolent exertion. It has been a most
inartificial division of the subject, but still one that may be retained
in the memory, which is a strange creature, not always to be bound by
logic, but led along by minute ties of association, among which those of
place are very strong and cli