ve Material.

Impurities.-- Impurities Which Cause Only Self-Discharge. Impurities
Which Attack the Plates. How to Remove Impurities. Corroded Grids.-How
Impurities Cause Corroded Grids. How Sulphation Causes Corroded Grids.
How High Temperatures Cause Corroded Grids. How High Specific Gravity
Causes Corroded Grids. How Age Causes Corroded Grids.

Negatives.-- How Age and Heat Cause Granulated Negatives. Heating of
Charged Negatives When Exposed to the Air. Negatives with Very Hard
Active Material. Bulged Negatives. Negatives with Soft, Mushy, Active
Material. Negatives with Rough Surfaces. Blistered Negatives.

Positives.-- Frozen Positives. Rotten, Disintegrated Positives. Buckled
Positives. Positives Which Have Lost Considerable Active Material.
Positives with Soft Active Material. Positives with Hard, Shiny Active
Material. Plates Which Have Been Charged in the Wrong Direction.

Separator Troubles.-- Separators Not Properly Expanded Before
Installation. Improperly Treated Separators. Rotten and Carbonized
Separators. Separators with Clogged Pores. Separators with Edges
Chiseled Off.

Jar Troubles.-- Jars Damaged by Rough Handling. Jars Damaged by Battery
Being Loose. Jars Damaged by Weights Placed on Top of Battery. Jars
Damaged by Freezing of Electrolyte. Jars Damaged by Improperly Trimmed
Plate Groups. Improperly Made Jars. Jars Damaged by Explosions in Cell.

Battery Case Troubles.-- Ends of Case Bulged Out. Rotted Case.

Troubles with Connectors and Terminals.--Corroded and Loose Connectors
and Terminals.

Electrolyte Troubles.-- Low Gravity. High Gravity. Low Level. High
Level. Specific Gravity Does Not Rise During Charge. "Milky"
Electrolyte. Foaming of Electrolyte.

General Battery Troubles.-- Open Circuits. Battery Discharged. Dead
Cells. Battery Will Not Charge. Loss of Capacity. Loss of Charge in an
Idle Battery.

11. SHOP EQUIPMENT

List of Tools and Equipment Required by Repair Shop. Equipment Needed
for Opening Batteries. Equipment for Lead Burning. Equipment for
General Work on Cell Connectors and Terminals. Equipment for Work on
Cases. Tools and Equipment for General Work. Stock. Special Tools.
Charging Equipment. Wiring Diagrams for Charging Resistances and
Charging Circuits. Motor-Generator Sets. Suggestions on Care of
Motor-Generator Sets. Operating the Charging Circuits. Constant
Current Charging. Constant Potential Charging. The Tungar Rectifier.
Principle of Operation of Tungar Rec