erence to the year
B.C. 416; Arist. "Wasps," 658; "Frogs," 363.

(45) See Boeckh, "P. E. A." I. xii. p. 65 (Eng. trans.); I. xxiv. p.
141.

(46) See "Revenues," iv. 20, p. 338; Jebb, "Theophr. Char." xxvi. 16.

(47) For these functionaries, see Jebb, op. cit. xvi. 10.

(48) Lit. "pay or get justice."

(49) Se Arist. "Wasps," 548 foll.; Grote, "H. G." v. 520 note; Newman,
op. cit. i. 383.

Furthermore, owing to the possession of property beyond the limits
of Attica, (50) and the exercise of magistracies which take them into
regions beyond the frontier, they and their attendants have insensibly
acquired the art of navigation. (51) A man who is perpetually voyaging
is forced to handle the oar, he and his domestics alike, and to learn
the terms familiar in seamanship. Hence a stock of skilful mariners is
produced, bred upon a wide experience of voyaging and practice. They
have learnt their business, some in piloting a small craft, others a
merchant vessel, whilst others have been drafted off from these for
service on a ship-of-war. So that the majority of them are able to row
the moment they set foot on board a vessel, having been in a state of
preliminary practice all their lives.

(50) See "Mem." II. viii. 1.

(51) See "Hell." VII. i. 4.

II

As to the heavy infantry, an arm the deficiency of which at Athens is
well recognised, this is how the matter stands. They recognise the fact
that, in reference to the hostile power, they are themselves inferior,
and must be, even if their heavy infantry were more numerous. (1) But
relatively to the allies, who bring in the tribute, their strength even
on land is enormous. And they are persuaded that their heavy infantry is
sufficient for all purposes, provided they retain this superiority.
(2) Apart from all else, to a certain extent fortune must be held
responsible for the actual condition. The subjects of a power which is
dominant by land have it open to them to form contingents from several
small states and to muster in force for battle. But with the subjects of
a naval power it is different. As far as they are groups of islanders it
is impossible for their states to meet together for united action, for
the sea lies between them, and the dominant power is master of the sea.
And even if it were possible for them to assemble in some single island
unobserved, they would only do so to perish by famine. And as to the
states subject to Athens which a