e also attendants, and sent off to the school of some
teacher to be taught "grammar," "music," and the concerns of the
palestra. (2) Besides this they are given shoes (3) to wear which tend
to make their feet tender, and their bodies are enervated by various
changes of clothing. And as for food, the only measure recognised is
that which is fixed by appetite.

(1) = "boy-leaders." Cf. St. Paul, "Ep. Gal." iii. 24; The Law was our
schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ.

(2) Cf. Plato, "Alc. maj." 106 E; "Theages," 122 E; Aristot. "Pol."
viii. 3.

(3) Or, "sandals."

But when we turn to Lycurgus, instead of leaving it to each member of
the state privately to appoint a slave to be his son's tutor, he
set over the young Spartans a public guardian, the Paidonomos (4) or
"pastor," to give them his proper title, (5) with complete authority
over them. This guardian was selected from those who filled the highest
magistracies. He had authority to hold musters of the boys, (6) and as
their overseer, in case of any misbehaviour, to chastise severely. The
legislator further provided his pastor with a body of youths in the
prime of life, and bearing whips, (7) to inflict punishment when
necessary, with this happy result that in Sparta modesty and obedience
ever go hand in hand, nor is there lack of either.

(4) = "boyherd."

(5) Cf. Plut. "Lycurg." 17 (Clough, i. 107); Aristot. "Pol." iv. 15,
13; vii. 17, 5.

(6) Or, "assemble the boys in flocks."

(7) {mastigophoroi} = "flagellants."

Instead of softening their feet with shoe or sandal, his rule was to
make them hardy through going barefoot. (8) This habit, if practised,
would, as he believed, enable them to scale heights more easily and
clamber down precipices with less danger. In fact, with his feet so
trained the young Spartan would leap and spring and run faster unshod
than another shod in the ordinary way.

(8) Cf. Plut. "Lycurg." 16 (Clough, i. 106).

Instead of making them effeminate with a variety of clothes, his rule
was to habituate them to a single garment the whole year through,
thinking that so they would be better prepared to withstand the
variations of heat and cold.

Again, as regards food, according to his regulation the Eiren, (9) or
head of the flock, must see that his messmates gathered to the club
meal, (10) with such moderate food as to avoid that heaviness (11)
which is engendered by repletion, and yet not to remain altogether