of Lord Willoughby de Eresby,
and their son, through her, became in 1879 joint hereditary lord great
chamberlain of England. The 2nd Baron took the surname of Carrington,
afterwards altered to Carington, instead of Smith.

CARRINGTON, RICHARD CHRISTOPHER (1826-1875), English astronomer, son of
a brewer at Brentford, was born in London on the 26th of May 1826.
Though intended for the Church, his studies and tastes inclined him to
astronomy, and with a view to gaining experience in the routine of an
observatory he accepted the post of observer in the university of
Durham. Finding, however, that there was little chance of obtaining
instruments suitable for the work which he wished to undertake, he
resigned that appointment and established in 1853 an observatory of his
own at Redhill. Here he devoted three years to a survey of the zone of
the heavens within 9 degrees of the North Pole, the results of which are
contained in his _Redhill Catalogue of 3735 Stars_. But his name is
chiefly perpetuated through his investigation of the motions of
sun-spots, by which he determined the elements of the sun's rotation and
made the important discovery of a systematic drift of the photosphere,
causing the rotation-periods of spots to lengthen with increase of solar
latitude. He died on the 27th of November 1875.

For further information see _Month. Notices Roy. Astr. Society_, xiv.
13, xviii. 23, 109, xix. 140, 161, xxxvi. 137; _Memoirs Roy. Astr.
Soc._, xxvii. 139; _The Times_, Nov. 22 and Dec. 7, 1875; _Roy.
Society's Cat. Scient. Papers_, vols. i. and vii.; Introductions to
Works.

CARROCCIO; a war chariot drawn by oxen, used by the medieval republics
of Italy. It was a rectangular platform on which the standard of the
city and an altar were erected; priests held services on the altar
before the battle, and the trumpeters beside them encouraged the
fighters to the fray. In battle the carroccio was surrounded by the
bravest warriors in the army and it served both as a rallying-point and
as the palladium of the city's honour; its capture by the enemy was
regarded as an irretrievable defeat and humiliation. It was first
employed by the Milanese in 1038, and played a great part in the wars of
the Lombard league against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa. It was
afterwards adopted by other cities, and first appears on a Florentine
battlefield in 1228. The Florentine carroccio was usually followed by a
smaller car be