s not seem to have been abandoned until
the 13th century. It is now occupied only by vineyards, and lies about
2100 ft. above sea-level, in a plain surrounded by mountains, now called
Piano del Cavaliere. The line of the city walls (originally in tufa, and
reconstructed in limestone), built of rectangular blocks, can be traced,
and so can the scanty remains of several buildings, including the
_podium_ or base, of a temple, and also the ancient branch road from the
Via Valeria (which itself keeps just south-east of Carsioli), traversing
the site from north to south. The forty-third milestone of the Via
Valeria still lies at or near its original site; it was set up by Nerva
in A.D. 97. One mile to the north-west of Carsioli are the remains of an
ancient aqueduct consisting of a buttressed wall of concrete crossing a
valley.

See G.J. Pfeiffer and T. Ashby in _Supplementary Papers of the
American School in Rome_, i. (1905), 108 seq. (T. As.)

CARSON, CHRISTOPHER ["KIT"] (1809-1868), American hunter and scout, was
born in Madison county, Kentucky, on the 24th of December 1809. When he
was a year old his parents removed to Howard county, Missouri, then a
frontier settlement, and the boy was early trained in the hardships and
requirements of pioneer life. He served for a while as a saddler's
apprentice, and after 1826 devoted himself to the life of a professional
guide and hunter. He was hunter for the garrison at Bent's Fort on the
Arkansas river in what is now Bent county, Colorado, from 1832 to 1840,
and accompanied John C. Fremont on his exploring expeditions of 1842 and
1843-1844, and on his California expedition in 1845-1846. Carson took
part in the Mexican War, and, after the rush to the Pacific Coast began,
engaged as a guide to convoy emigrants and drovers across the plains and
mountains. In 1854 he became Indian agent at Taos, New Mexico, in which
position, through his knowledge of the Indian traits and language, he
was able to exercise for many years a restraining influence over the
warlike Apaches and other tribes. During the Civil War he rendered
invaluable services to the Federal cause in the south-west as chief
scout in charge of the various bodies of irregular scouts and rangers
participating in the constant border warfare that characterized the
conflict in that part of the Union. In March 1865 he was breveted
brigadier-general of volunteers for gallantry in the battle of Valverde
(on the 21st o