against all the forces of the crown, till their provisions failed them
at the close of 1266.

Thus for two centuries after the Norman Conquest castles had proved of
primary consequence in English political struggles, revolts and warfare.
And, although, when the country was again torn by civil strife, their
military importance was of small account, the crown's historic jealousy
of private fortification was still seen in the need to obtain the king's
licence to "crenellate" (i.e. embattle) the country mansion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--G.T. Clark, _Medieval Military Architecture in England_
(2 vols.), includes a few French castles and is the standard work on
the subject, but inaccurate and superseded on some points by recent
research; Professor Oman's _Art of War in the Middle Ages_ is a wide
survey of the subject, but follows Clark in some of his errors;
Mackenzie, _The Castles of England_ (1897), valuable for
illustrations; Deville, _Histoire du Chateau-Gaillard_ (1829) and
_Chateau d'Argues_ (1839); Viollet-le-Duc's _Essay on the Military
Architecture of the Middle Ages_ was translated by M. Macdermott in
1860. More recent studies will be found in J.H. Round's _Geoffrey de
Mandeville_ (1891); "English Castles" (_Quarterly Review_, July 1894);
and "Castles of the Conquest" (_Archeologia_, lviii., 1902); St John
Hope's "English Castles of the 10th and 11th Centuries" (_Archaeol.
Journal_, lx., 1902); Mrs Armitage's "Early Norman Castles of England"
(_Eng. Hist. Review_, xix. 1904), and her papers in _Scot. Soc. Ant.
Proc._ xxxiv., and _The Antiquary_, July, August, 1906; G. Neilson's
"The Motes in Norman Scotland" (_Scottish Review_, lxiv., 1898); G.H.
Orpen, "Motes and Norman Castles in Ireland" (_Eng. Hist. Review_,
xxi., xxii., 1906-1907). (J. H. R.)

CASTLEBAR, a market town and the county town of Co. Mayo, Ireland, in
the west parliamentary division, on the river and near the lough of the
same name, on the Manulla and Westport branch of the Midland Great
Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 3585. The county court
buildings and other public offices occupy a square, and there is a
pleasant mall shaded by fine trees. There are some breweries, and trade
in linens and agricultural produce. The castle, which gives its name to
the town, was a fortress of the De Burgh family; but the town itself was
founded in the reign of James I., and received a charter from him in
1613.