hands of the great emperor Charles
V. Returning to Lisbon, he received from the king the small
commandership of Sao Pablo de Salvaterra in 1538. He was exceedingly
poor, but his wife Lenor de Coutinho, a noble Portuguese lady, admired
and appreciated her husband sufficiently to make light of their poverty.
Soon after this he left for the Indies in company with his uncle Garcia
de Noronha, and on his arrival at Goa enlisted among the _aventureiros_,
"the bravest of the brave," told off for the relief of Diu. In 1540 he
served on an expedition under Estevao da Gama, by whom his son, Alvaro
de Castro, a child of thirteen, was knighted, out of compliment to him.
Returning to Portugal, Joao de Castro was named commander of a fleet, in
1543, to clear the European seas of pirates; and in 1545 he was sent,
with six sail, to the Indies, in the room of Martin de Sousa, who had
been dismissed the viceroyalty. The next three years were the hardest
and most brilliant, as they were the last, of his life--years of battle
and struggle, of glory and sorrow, of suffering and triumph. Valiantly
seconded by his sons (one of whom, Fernao, was killed before Diu) and by
Joao Mascarenhas, Joao de Castro achieved such popularity by the
overthrow of Mahmud, king of Gujarat, by the relief of Diu, and by the
defeat of the great army of the Adil Khan, that he could contract a very
large loan with the Goa merchants on the simple security of his
moustache. These great deeds were followed by the capture of Broach, by
the complete subjugation of Malacca, and by the passage of Antonio Moniz
into Ceylon; and in 1547 the great captain was appointed viceroy by Joao
III., who had at last accepted him without mistrust. He did not live
long to fill this charge, expiring in the arms of his friend, St Francis
Xavier, on the 6th of June 1548. He was buried at Goa, but his remains
were afterwards exhumed and conveyed to Portugal, to be reinterred under
a splendid monument in the convent of Bemfica.

See Jacinto Freire de Andrade, _Vida de D. Joao de Castro_ (Lisbon,
1651), English translation by Sir Peter Wyche (1664); Diogo de Couto,
_Decadas da Asia_, vi. The _Roteiros_ or logbooks of Castro's voyages
in the East (Lisbon, 1833, 1843 and 1872) are of great interest.

CASTROGIOVANNI (Arab. _Kasr-Yani_, a corruption of _Castrum Ennae_), a
town and episcopal see of the province of Caltanisetta, Sicily, 95 m. by
rail S.E. of Palermo, and 56 m. W. of Ca