opean
governments differ considerably from that of the United States. In our
government we find, in theory at least, that these departments are
separated; in the European governments there is a close relation of the
legislative and executive branches, through some form of "cabinet
responsibility." This "cabinet system" of government is found in the
republics as well as in the constitutional monarchies of Europe, and in
the self-governing British possessions, such as Canada and the
Australian colonies.[67] The difference between the congressional and
the cabinet systems is greater in appearance than in reality; for in the
United States the President and his Cabinet exert considerable influence
upon legislation.

ENGLAND GERMANY

Monarch--hereditary in the Emperor--hereditary
line fixed by Parliament King of Prussia

_Cabinet_ _Ministry_
Nineteen members[65] chosen by Eight ministers, Chancellor at
the Prime minister the head, appointed by the
Emperor

_Parliament_ _Parliament_
Limit of term, seven years Term, five years

_House of Lords_ _Bundesrath or General Council_
586 members, holding seats 58 members appointed by the
(1) by heredity, (2) by German States
appointment by crown,
(3) by election[66]

_House of Commons_ _Reichstag or Diet of the Realm_
670 members elected by the 397 members elected by the
people of England, Scotland, people
and Ireland

[Footnote 65: The number of members in the ministries of England and
Germany varies.]

[Footnote 66: Irish peers are elected for life, and Scottish peers are
elected for the duration of a Parliament.]

[Footnote 67: This system finds its best illustration in the English
government, of which a brief description will be found in "Government in
State and Nation," pp. 157-160. For references, see questions 14 and 15,
p. 161.]

The Form and the Spirit of Government.--The study of other
governments and the comparison of them with our own will teach us that
the virtue of a government resides, not in its framework, but in its
spirit. A government may be monarchical in form and republican in its
practical workings. In England, and in others of the European
monarchies, the will of the people is the law of the land. On the other
hand, a government may be republican in form, and very unrepublica