f the
famous revolt of the Netherlands. In 1865 a monument to Counts Egmont
and Horn, by Fraiken, was erected on the spot where they were beheaded.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--T. Juste, _Le Comte d'Egmont et le comte de Hornes_
(Brussels, 1862), _Les Pays-Bas sous Philippe II_, 1555-1565 (2 vols.,
Brussels, 1855); J. L. Motley, _Rise of the Dutch Republic_, 1555-1584
(3 vols., London, 1856); J. P. Blok, _History of the People of the
Netherlands_ (tr. from Dutch), vol. iii. (New York, 1900); R. Fruin,
_Het voorspel van den tastigjarigen oorlag_ (Amsterdam, 1866); E.
Marx, _Studien zur Geschichte des niederlandischen Aufstandes_
(Leipzig, 1902). (G. E.)

EGOISM (from Gr. and Lat. _ego_, I, the 1st personal pronoun), a modern
philosophical term used generally, in opposition to "Altruism," for any
ethical system in which the happiness or the good of the individual is
the main criterion of moral action. Another form of the word, "Egotism,"
is really interchangeable, though in ordinary language it is often used
specially (and similarly "egoism," as in George Meredith's _Egoist_) to
describe the habit of magnifying one's self and one's achievements, or
regarding all things from a selfish point of view. Both these ideas
derive from the original meaning of _ego_, myself, as opposed to
everything which is outside myself. This antithesis of ego and non-ego,
self and not-self, may be understood in several senses according to the
connexion in which it is used. Thus the self may be held to include
one's family, property, business, and an indefinitely wider range of
persons or objects in which the individual's interest is for the moment
centred, i.e. everything which I can call "mine." In this, its widest,
sense "a man's Self is the sum total of all that he _can_ call his" (Wm.
James, _Principles of Psychology_, chap x.). This self may be divided up
in many ways according to the various forms in which it may be
expressed. Thus James (ibid.) classifies the various "selves" as the
material, the spiritual, the social and the "pure." Or again the self
may be narrowed down to a man's own person, consisting of an individual
mind and body. In the true philosophical sense, however, the conception
of the ego is still further narrowed down to the individual
consciousness as opposed to all that is outside it, i.e. can be its
object. This conception of the self belongs mainly to metaphysics and
involves the whole problem of the rel