rdinary whipping, which
is done as follows:--First lay the end of a length of twine along the
end of the rope, and then commencing at the part furthest from the
rope's end take a half dozen or more turns around both the rope and
twine end (Fig. 5). Then lay the twine in the form of a loop along the
rope and over the turns already taken, as in Fig. 6. To finish off
take that portion of the loop designated _a_, and continue taking turns
tightly round the rope and part _b_ of the twine until the loop is
nearly all used up; pull through the remainder snugly by part _c_, and
cut off short when, no end of twine will be visible as in Fig. 7.

[Illustration: Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7.]

{4}

Considering that we now have at our disposal a small sized rope with
the end whipped, we will at once proceed to the formation of the most
elementary knots and hitches, namely, those formed by a single rope's
end.

Fig. 8 shows a common loop, by which most of the following knots, etc.,
are commenced. Note exactly how the loop lies, and let us letter its
parts clearly for future reference. The part of rope extending from 1
to 2 is known as the standing part which we will call _a_, the portion
included between 2 and 3 following round the loop by _y_ and _z_ is
termed the bight which we will call _b_, and from 3 to 4 is known as
the end _e_.

[Illustration: Fig. 8.]

Then starting in each case from the position shown in Fig. 8 we make
the following knots, etc:--

{5}

(1). +An Overhand Knot+.--Place _e_ up through bight _b_, and draw
taut (Fig. 9).

[Illustration: Fig. 9.]

(2). +A Figure of Eight Knot+.--Back _e_ round behind _a_, bring over
part _z_ and dip down through bight _b_ and haul taut (Fig. 10).

[Illustration: Fig. 10.]

(3). +A Simple Clinch+ is formed by closing up the initial loop to
form a small ring and securing by a seizing--a small lashing at _d_
(Fig. 11).

{6}

[Illustration: Fig. 11]

One of the preceding knots is generally put in the end of running gear
to prevent it from coming unrove from the fair-leads or blocks.

(4). +A Running or Inside Clinch+ is the foregoing, formed by the end
of a rope on its own standing part, and is often used for securing
buntlines to the foot of a sail (Fig. 12).

[Illustration: Fig. 12.]

{7}

(5.) +An Outside Clinch+, as may be inferred from its name, is formed
in a similar manner, but the end _c_ is brought round on top, that is,
away from the bight (F