erman hands, France had lost the income from her export trade in
textiles.

As the Russians for lack of transport were not able to follow up
their success at Lublin, the succeeding weeks showed it to be far
from a decisive victory. The Austrian army soon recovered itself. In
comparison with Russia, both Austria and Germany were highly
organized industrial nations. They had not only been able to put
larger forces into the field at the outset than their adversaries,
but they had the resources in guns and rifles, and in the factories
for the manufacture of munitions, which enabled them to increase
their actual fighting forces faster than their adversaries, and to
supply them with larger quantities of munitions.

The German army was established in well-chosen positions in France,
which might be impregnable against even forces as superior as three
to one; the Austrian army was safely established in front of the
Russians. Both the French and the Russians were short of munitions,
and particularly of guns of heavier caliber, and of high-explosive
shells, which had become most essential in trench warfare.
Relatively, the Germans were depending upon their guns to hold the
Aisne line, while the Allies were depending upon the flesh and blood
of infantry. Germany was rushing every trained man she had to the
front and training a million volunteers. Now she could spare troops
moved by her efficient railroad system, taking advantage of the
interior line for Von Hindenburg to make a drive toward Warsaw,
where he repeated the same maneuver, in keeping with German practice
of the advance to the Marne. After his drive, he fell back from
Warsaw, and intrenched for the winter.

An unskilled garrison of Belgians held Antwerp, which was on the
flank of the German forces in Belgium. The fall of this fortress
meant the release of a considerable force of Germans, and allowed
their heavier concentration toward northwestern France. Having
failed to defeat the French at the Marne, which would have dropped
not only the ports of Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne, but also Havre,
like ripe plums into their basket, the Germans next sought to take
Calais, which is twenty-two miles from the coast of England. With
Calais went the possession of all Belgium, a strip of northern
France, and a foothold on the coast within twenty-two miles of
England, and with the free sweep of the Atlantic past the narrow
English Channel in front. Von Moltke, the chief of the