purpose of the invasion of France and then of Russia; the French
army for defense from Germany.

Their efficiency was not the result of the expenditure of money, for
money will not buy defense. It requires training, organization, and
patriotism, and courage, which are not for sale in the market places
of mankind.

Until this war the opinion among English-speaking peoples was
universal that the volunteer system was the best method of
recruiting. This on the principle that the man who offers himself to
fight, fights better than the one who is called to arms by
government order. Thus England raised 3,000,000 men. But to a man
who has lived much with armies, it seems an immoral method; it means
hiring men to fight for you. One man's life is just as valuable to
him as another's. It is the final sacrifice which he makes for the
defense of his country or his home. He should make it himself and
not ask others to make it for him. Those who should be the first
into battle are the men of wealth, of position, the favored ones.
They owe their country more than the others, because their country
has done more for them.

[Illustration: M. Raymond Poincare, President of France.]

The courage which every Continental army has exhibited has forever
destroyed the idea that universal service weakens the valor of an
army. Millionaire and peasant, nobleman and workman fighting side by
side in the ranks, and doing all the drudgery of the trenches in
common, develop a democracy which means that a man appreciates his
fellow man for his own sake.

The old idea that wars must be frequent in order to keep up a
nation's virility has also been disproved. Universal service both in
France and Germany through forty years of peace, had been an
important influence in the better physical development of the race,
which led to the fortitude, precision, and courage exhibited. At the
same time, a realization of the seriousness of war on the part of
all men, because they knew before this war began the punishing
effect of rifle or machine-gun and artillery fire, is a powerful
deterrent to making war in any spasm of emotion.

There is no more glory, there is no more sport to war. It has become
scientific, businesslike, and commonplace. Never has an unprepared
nation been so helpless against the prepared as to-day. The American
Revolution could never have been won by untrained levies to-day
against the British regulars if they possessed modern weapons. Our