s have been further developed, but
the types have not changed.

All the essential lessons which the Germans applied they learned in
the Russo-Japanese War. The line of trenches throughout the winter
of 1904-05 before Mukden were much the same type as those along the
Aisne. There were trenches in the Civil War and in the Crimea, and
in the American Revolution and in many wars before that. So far as
one can learn, there has not been a single invention by a civilian
which would have been of any use to the British navy in fighting
submarines. All have been devised and applied by naval experts who
knew conditions. No profession is more expert than soldiering and
none is older, because it began when Cain killed Abel.

War being the ultimate resort of force, then the poet, the dreamer,
the scholar, the doctor and the organizer of the arts of peace may
succumb to the bully with the square jaw, the low brow and
flesh-tearing incisors, unless the civilized man uses his resources
and talents to make weapons which are stronger than the bully's
fist. This is precisely what civilization does in order to protect
itself.

The two forces which were really prepared for this war were the
British navy and the German army. The British navy has kept command
of the seas and the German army has planted its trenches on foreign
soil. For any nation which is separated from other nations by the
sea, the military lesson of this war is that the sea is the first
line of defense. You will escape bloody trenches at home if you
never allow an enemy to land. He cannot land until he has driven
your navy off the seas.

The other lesson is that a nation should know its method of defense
and have it as complete, practicable and ready as the German army
and British navies were. For three or four years, the Belgians saw
the Germans constructing railroad sidings at Aix and making their
preparations for the blow they struck. Yet the Belgians did not
modernize their forts, or adequately strengthen their army for
defense. If to the staffs of England and France war seemed
inevitable, their governments refused to be convinced.

Any nation which is considering preparedness for national defense
must have a national policy. It must know what it is going to defend
and how it is going to defend it. The British navy was built for the
specific problem of either defeating the German navy in battle or
keeping it fast in its lair. The German army was organized for the