story occurs in Straparola
early enough to prevent any possibility of doubt on the subject. The
sequel of incidents appears to be as follows:

Overheard Boasting--Three Marriages--Substituted Children--Quest
Tasks--Life Token--Speech Taboo--Brother's Failure--Sister's
Success--Guilt Revelation--Punishment of Envious Sisters. Some of
these incidents, like the Life Token, occur in other collocations but
are sufficiently appropriate here; Imbriani has three versions, vi.,
vii., viii., with notes.

I have mostly followed Crane, pp. 17-25 (see also his notes, pp.
325-6).

VIII. LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS

_Source._--Sir J. G. Frazer, in _Archaeological Review_, i., 81-91,
161-81, who made an attempt, the first of its kind, to restore the
original archetype of the story of "The Boy Who Became Pope," on the
same principle as classical scholars restore readings from families of
MSS. He uses Grimm, xxxiii.; Crane, xliii.; Sebillot, 2d series xxv.;
and Fleury, 123 _seq._ I have, on the whole, followed his
reconstruction, but have introduced, from the version in the "Seven
Wise Masters," the motive for the father's anger when learning that he
would have, some day, to offer his son water to wash in; Sir James, in
a private communication, concurs in the insertion. The folk versions
are, in this instance, peculiarly poor, and I have therefore had
largely to rewrite, preserving, however, the common incidents.

_Formula._--The following formula gives the common elements of the
four parallels used by Sir James Frazer, with my insertion of the bird
prophecy (father-water, mother-towel):

Simple Boy--Sent to School--Learns Language of Dogs, Frogs and
Birds--Bird Prophecy (Father-Water, Mother-Towel)--Hero
Exposed--Intended Murderer Brings Back Deer's Heart--Three adventures
on Road--Dogs Warn Burglary--Frog Restores Host to Sick Girl--Bird
Prophesies Papacy (one of three companions)--Pope Election--Heavenly
Sign (dove and bell)--Bird Prophecy Fulfilled--Father Repentance.

_Parallels._--Besides the four sources used by Sir James Frazer, he
gives two variants of the Breton from _Melusine_, i., cols. 300, 374,
and the "Seven Wise Masters" version, with six variants: Russian,
Masurian, two Basques, and a Turkish one. In the Russian version the
father-water, mother-towel prophecy occurs, which could not have
arisen independently. In the Masurian version the prophecy is more
primitive ("Your mother will wash your feet, and your father wil