ll developed in the
mid-Tertiary. Now we have a good knowledge of man as he was in the
later stage of the Ice-Age--at least a million years later--and may thus
institute a useful comparison and form some idea of the advance made.

In the later stages of the Pleistocene a race of men lived in Europe of
whom we have a number of skulls and skeletons, besides vast numbers of
stone implements. It is usually known as the Neanderthal race, as the
first skeleton was found, in 1856, at Neanderthal, near Dusseldorf.
Further skeletons were found at Spy, in Belgium, and Krapina, in
Croatia. A skull formerly found at Gibraltar is now assigned to the same
race. In the last five years a jaw of the same (or an earlier) age has
been found at Mauer, near Heidelberg, and several skeletons have been
found in France (La Vezere and Chapelle-aux-Saints). From these, and a
few earlier fragments, we have a confident knowledge of the features of
this early human race.

The highest appreciation of the Neanderthal man--a somewhat flattering
appreciation, as we shall see--is that he had reached the level of the
Australian black of to-day. The massive frontal ridges over his eyes,
the very low, retreating forehead, the throwing of the mass of the brain
toward the back of the head, the outthrust of the teeth and jaws, and
the complete absence (in some cases) or very slight development of
the chin, combine to give the head what the leading authorities call
a "bestial" or "simian" aspect. The frame is heavy, powerful, and of
moderate height (usually from two to four inches over five feet). The
thigh-bones are much more curved than in modern man. We cannot enter
here into finer anatomical details, but all the features are consistent
and indicate a stage in the evolution from ape-man to savage man.

One point only calls for closer inquiry. Until a year or two ago it was
customary to state that in cranial capacity also--that is to say, in
the volume of brain-matter that the skull might contain--the Neanderthal
race was intermediate between the Ape-Man and modern man. We saw
above that the cranial capacity of the highest ape is about 600 cubic
centimetres, and that of the Ape-Man (variously given as 850 and 950) is
about 900. It was then added that the capacity of the Neanderthal race
was about 1200, and that of civilised man (on the average) 1600. This
seemed to be an effective and convincing indication of evolution, but
recent writers have seriously cr