lle-aux Saints skull, observes [*] that "the anomaly disappears" on
careful study. He assures us that a modern skull of the same dimensions
would have a capacity of 1800-1900 cubic centimetres, and warns us that
we must take into account the robustness of the body of primitive man.
He concludes that the real volume of the Neanderthal brain (in this
highest known specimen) is "slight in comparison with the volume of the
brain lodged in the large heads of to-day," and that the "bestial or
ape-like characters" of the race are not neutralised by this gross
measurement.

*See his article in Anthropologie, Vol. XX. (1909), p. 257.
As Professor Sollas mainly relies on Boule, it is important
to see that there is a very great difference between the
two.

We must therefore hesitate to accept the statement that primitive man
had as large a brain, if not a larger brain, than a modern race. The
basis is slender, and the proportion of brain to body-tissue has not
been taken into account. On the other hand, the remains of this early
race are, Professor Sollas says, "obviously more brutal than existing
men in all the other ascertainable characters by which they differ from
them." Nor are we confined to precarious measurements of skulls. We have
the remains of the culture of this early race, and in them we have a
surer trace of its mental development.

Here again we must proceed with caution, and set aside confused and
exaggerated statements. Some refer us to the artistic work of primitive
man. We will consider his drawings and carvings presently, but they
belong to a later race, not the Neanderthal race. Some lay stress on
the fact, apparently indicated in one or two cases out of a dozen, that
primitive man buried his dead. Professor Sollas says that it indicates
that even Neanderthal man had reached "a comparatively high stage in the
evolution of religious ideas "; but the Australians bury their dead,
and the highest authorities are not agreed whether they have any idea
whatever of a supreme being or of morality. We must also disallow
appeals to the use of fire, the taming of animals, pottery, or
clothing. None of these things are clearly found in conjunction with the
Neanderthal race.

The only certain relic of Neanderthal culture is the implement which the
primitive savage fashioned, by chipping or pressure, of flint or other
hard stone. The fineness of some of these implements is no indication of
great in