1

II. Mountains, Hills, and Plains 8

III. Rivers 32

IV. Geology and Mineral Resources 50

V. Climate 64

VI. Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees 71

VII. Forests 86

VIII. Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects 90

IX. The People: Numbers, Races, and Languages 96

X. The People: Religions 114

XI. The People: Education 122

XII. Roads and Railways 127

XIII. Canals 132

XIV. Agriculture and Crops 142

XV. Handicrafts and Manufactures 152

XVI. Exports and Imports 159

XVII. History: Pre-Muhammadan Period, 500 B.C.-1000 A.D. 160

XVIII. History: Muhammadan Period, 1000 A.D.-1764 A.D. 168

XIX. History: Sikh Period, 1764 A.D.-1849 A.D. 181

XX. History: British Period, 1849 A.D.-1913 A.D. 188

XXI. Archaeology and Coins 200

XXII. Administration: General 212

XXIII. Administration: Local 217

XXIV. Revenue and Expenditure 219

XXV. Panjab Districts and Delhi 224

XXVI. The Panjab Native States 271

XXVII. The North-west Frontier Province 291

XXVIII. Kashmir and Jammu 314

XXIX. Cities 325

XXX. Other Places of Note 347

TABLES

I. Tribes of Panjab including Native States and of
N.W.F. Province 359

II. Rainfall, Cultivation, Population, and Land
Revenue 360