population grew and all arable land in the nation came under the
plough. The acre was standardized. About 1300, the price of an ox
was 9s., a heifer or cow 7s., a hide 2s.6d., a cart horse 2 or 3
pounds. Farm women went to nearby towns to sell eggs and dairy
products, usually to town women.

Although manors needed the ploughmen, the carters and drivers, the
herdsmen, and the dairymaid on a full-time basis, other tenants
spent increasing time in crafts and became village carpenters,
smiths, weavers or millers' assistants. Trade and the towns grew.
Smiths used coal in their furnaces.

Money rents often replaced service due to a lord, such as fish
silver, malt silver, or barley silver. The lord's rights are being
limited to the rights declared on the extents [records showing
service due from each tenant] and the rolls of the manor.
Sometimes land is granted to strangers because none of the kindred
of the deceased will take it. Often a manor court limited a fee in
land to certain issue instead of being inheritable by all heirs.
Surveyors' poles marked boundaries declared by court in boundary
disputes. This resulted in survey maps showing villages and cow
pastures.

The revival of trade and the appearance of a money economy was
undermining the long-established relationship between the lord of
the manor and his villeins. As a result, money payments were
supplementing or replacing payments in service and produce as in
Martham, where Thomas Knight held twelve acres in villeinage, paid
16d. for it and 14d. in special aids. "He shall do sixteen working
days in August and for every day he shall have one repast - viz.
Bread and fish. He shall hoe ten days without the lord's food -
price of a day 1/2 d. He shall cart to Norwich six cartings or
shall give 9d., and he shall have for every carting one leaf and
one lagena - or gallon - of ale. Also for ditching 1d. He shall
make malt 3 1/2 seams of barley or shall give 6d. Also he shall
flail for twelve days or give 12d. He shall plough if he has his
own plough, and for every ploughing he shall have three loaves and
nine herrings ... For carting manure he shall give 2."

Another example is this manor's holdings, when 3d. would buy food
for a day: "Extent of the manor of Bernehorne, made on Wednesday
following the feast of St. Gregory the Pope, in the thirty-fifth
year of the reign of King Edward, in the presence of Brother
Thomas, keeper of Marley, John de la More, and Adam de T