and relief, and outside service of
our lord the King, when they shall happen. And if it shall
happen that the said William or his heirs shall die at any
time without an heir, the said messuage, land rents, and
meadows with their appurtenances shall return fully and
completely to us and our successors. Nor will it be allowed
to the said William or his heirs to give, sell, alienate,
mortgage, or encumber in any way, the said messuage, land,
rents, and meadows, or any part of them, by which the said
messuage, land, rents, and meadows should not return to us
and our successors in the form declared above. And if this
should occur later, their deed shall be declared null, and
what is thus alienated shall come to us and our successors...

Given at Borough, for the love of Lord Robert of good
memory, once abbot, our predecessor and maternal uncle of
the said William, and at the instance of the good man,
Brother Hugh of Mutton, relative of the said abbot Robert,
A.D. 1278, on the eve of Pentecost."

Villeins who were released from the manorial organization by
commutation of their service for a money payment took the name of
their craft as part of their name, such as, for the manufacture of
textiles, Weaver, Draper, Comber, Fuller, Napper, Cissor, Tailor,
Textor; for metalwork, Faber, Ironmonger; for leatherwork,
Tanner; for woodwork, building and carpentry, Carpenter, Cooper,
Mason, Pictor; for food production, Baker, Pistor. Iron, tin,
lead, salt, and even coal were providing increasing numbers of
people with a livelihood.

Many new boroughs were founded as grants of market rights by the
king grew in number. These grants implied the advantage of the
King's protection. In fact, one flooded town was replaced with a
new town planned with square blocks. It was the charter which
distinguished the borough community from the other communities
existing in the country. It invested each borough with a distinct
character. The privileges which the charter conferred were
different in different places. It might give trading privileges:
freedom from toll, a guild merchant, a right to hold a fair. It
might give jurisdictional privileges: a right to hold court with
greater or less franchises. It might give governmental privileges:
freedom from the burden of attending the hundred and county
courts, the return of writs, which meant the right to exclude the
royal officials, the right to take the profits of the borough,
paying for them a fix