laws. He was frequently consulted on important military
questions. His later works included _Observations on the Modern System
of Fortification, &c._ (London, 1859), and _Naval Warfare Under Steam_
(London, 1858 and 1860). He died on the 9th of November 1861 at
Tunbridge Wells. Sir Howard Douglas was a F.R.S., one of the founders of
the R.G.S., and an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford University. Shortly before
his death he declined the offer of a military G.C.B.

See S. W. Fullom, _Life of Sir Howard Douglas_ (London, 1862), and
_Gentleman's Magazine_, 3rd series, xii. 90-92.

DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721-1807), Scottish man of letters and Anglican bishop,
was the son of a small shopkeeper at Pittenweem, Fife, where he was born
on the 14th of July 1721. He was educated at Dunbar and at Balliol
College, Oxford, where he took his M.A. degree in 1743, and as chaplain
to the 3rd regiment of foot guards he was at the battle of Fontenoy,
1745. He then returned to Balliol as a Snell exhibitioner; became vicar
of High Ercall, Shropshire, in 1750; canon of Windsor, 1762; bishop of
Carlisle, 1787 (and also dean of Windsor, 1788); bishop of Salisbury,
1791. Other honours were the degree of D.D., 1758, and those of F.R.S.
and F.S.A. in 1778. Douglas was not conspicuous as an ecclesiastical
administrator, preferring to his livings the delights of London in
winter and the fashionable watering-places in summer. Under the
patronage of the earl of Bath he entered into a good many literary
controversies, vindicating Milton from W. Lauder's charge of plagiarism
(1750), attacking David Hume's rationalism in his _Criterion of
Miracles_ (1752), and the Hutchinsonians in his _Apology for the Clergy_
(1755). He also edited Captain Cook's _Journals_, and Clarendon's _Diary
and Letters_ (1763). He died on the 18th of May 1807, and a volume of
_Miscellaneous Works_, prefaced by a short biography, was published in
1820.

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (1813-1861), American statesman, was born at
Brandon, Vermont, on the 23rd of April 1813. His father, a physician,
died in July 1813, and the boy was under the care of a bachelor uncle
until he was fourteen, when his uncle married and Douglas was thrown
upon his own resources. He was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker in
Middlebury, Vt., and then to another in Brandon, but soon abandoned this
trade. He attended schools at Brandon and Canandaigua (N.Y.), and began
the study of law. In 1833 he went West, and fi