culpture, as also the door jambs; and the great recessing of
these doorways brought them more into the categories of porches. In
England much less importance was given to the Gothic doorways, and
although they consisted of many orders, these were emphasized only by
deep hollows and converse mouldings and always carried on angle or nook
shafts. In the perpendicular period the pointed-arch doorway was often
enclosed within a square head-moulding, the spandrel being enriched with
foliage or quatrefoil tracery.

In the Mahommedan style the doorway itself is comparatively simple,
except that the voussoirs of its lintel are joggled with a series of
curves, and being of different coloured stones have a decorative effect.
These doorways are placed in a rectangular recess roofed with the
stalactite vault.

With the Renaissance architect, the doorway continued as the principal
characteristic of the style; the actual door-frame was simply moulded,
by enclosing it with pilasters or columns, isolated or semi-detached,
raised on pedestals and carrying an entablature with pediment and other
kind of super-doorway; and great importance was given to the feature. In
the Italian cinquecento period, the panels of the side pilasters were
enriched with the most elaborate carving, and this would seem to have
been an ancient Roman method, to judge by portions of carved panels now
in the museums of Rome. The doorways of Venice are remarkable in this
respect. At Como the two side doorways of the cathedral, one of which is
said to be by Bramante, are of great beauty, and the same rich
decoration is found throughout Spain and France. In Germany and England
the pattern book too often suggested designs of an extremely rococo
character, and it was under the influence of Palladio, through Inigo
Jones, that in England the architect returned to the simpler and purer
Italian style. (R. P. S.)

DOPPLERITE, a naturally occurring organic substance found in amorphous,
elastic or jelly-like masses, of brownish-black colour, in peat beds in
Styria and in Switzerland. It is tasteless, insoluble in alcohol and
ether, and is described by Dana as an acid substance, or mixture of
different acids, related to humic acid.

DORAN, JOHN (1807-1878), English author, was born in London of Irish
parentage on the 11th of March 1807. He became tutor in several
distinguished families, and while travelling on the continent
contributed journalistic sketches t