. trans. A. Plummer, 1871); "Janus," _Der Pabst und das
Konzil_ (Munich, 1869; Eng. trans. 1869); Hergenrother, _Catholic
Church and Christian State_ (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1872; Eng. trans. 2
vols. 1876); W. Martens, _Die romische Frage unter Pippin u. Karl d.
Grossen_ (Stuttgart, 1881), with text; H. Grauert, "Die
Konstantinische Schenkung" in _Hist. Jahrb. der Gorres-Gesellsch._
iii. (1882), iv. (1883); Langen, "Entstehung u. Tendenz der Konst.
Schenkungsurkunde" in Sybel's _Hist. Zeitschr. l._ (1883); L. Weiland,
"Die Konst. Schenkung" in _Zeitschr. f. Kirchenrecht_, xxii.
(1887-1888), maintains that the _Constitutum_ was forged at Rome
between 813 and 875, in connexion with the papal claim to crown the
emperors; H. Brunner and K. Zeumer, _Die Konstantinische
Schenkungsurkunde_ (Berlin, 1888; Festgaben fur R. v. Gneist), with
text; Friedrich, _Die Konst. Schenkung_ (Nordlingen, 1889), with text;
W. Martens, _Die falsche Generalkonzession Konstantins des Grossen_
(Munich, 1889); P. Scheffer-Boichorst, "Neue Forschungen uber die
Konst. Schenkung," i. ii. _Mitteilungen des Instituts fur osterr.
Geschichtsforschung_, x. (1889), xi. (1890); G. Kruger, "Die Frage der
Entstehungszeit der Konst. Schenkung," in _Theologische
Literaturzeitung_, xiv. (1889); J. Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_,
vol. vii. p. 135 (Oxford, 1899); article "Konstantinische Schenkung,"
G. H. Bohmer, in Herzog-Hauck, _Realencykl._ (1902); E. Mayer, "Die
Schenkungen Konstantins und Pipins" in _Deutsche Zeitschr. fur
Kirchenrecht_ (Tubingen, 1904). Laurentius Valla's treatise was issued
in a new edition, with French translation and historical introduction,
by A. Bonneau, _La Donation de Constantin_ (Lisieux, 1879).
(W. A. P.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Dr Hodgkin's suggestion (_Italy and her Invaders_, vii. p. 153)
that the _Constitutum_ may have been originally a mere pious romance,
recognized as such by its author and his contemporaries, and laid up
in the papal archives until its origin was forgotten, is wholly
inconsistent with the unquestioned results of the critical analysis
of the text.

[2] Leo of Vercelli, the emperor Otto III.'s chancellor, protested
that the _Constitutum_ was a forgery, but without effect. The attacks
upon it by the heretical followers of Arnold of Brescia (1152)
convinced neither the partisans of the pope nor those of the emperor.