d. At the
Dissolution there were fifty-seven friaries (see lists in F. A.
Gasquet's _English Monastic Life_, _Catholic Dictionary_ and C. F.
Palmer's _Life of Cardinal Howard_, where historical notes are added).
In Mary's reign some of the scattered friars were brought together and
established in Smithfield, and the remnant of the nuns were restored to
Dartford. In 1559 these houses were suppressed and the nuns and two
friars expatriated, and for a hundred years there was no English
Dominican community. But throughout the reigns of Elizabeth and the
early Stuarts there were usually some Dominicans, either Englishmen
professed in foreign monasteries or foreigners, labouring on the English
mission or attached to the foreign embassies. In 1658 Friar Thomas
Howard (afterwards Cardinal) succeeded in establishing at Bornhem near
Antwerp a house for the English friars. From that time there has always
been an organized body of English Dominicans, again and again reduced
almost to extinction, but ever surviving; it now has half a dozen
thriving friaries. The Irish province also survived the days of
persecution and possesses a dozen friaries. In 1840 Lacordaire restored
the French province. In 1900 there were 4350 Dominicans, including lay
brothers, and 300 friaries, scattered all over the world. Missionary
work still holds a prominent place in Dominican life; there are missions
in Annam, Tongking and China, and in Mesopotamia, Mosul and Kurdistan.
They have also a remarkable school for Biblical studies and research at
Jerusalem, and the theological faculty in the Roman Catholic university
at Fribourg in Switzerland is in their hands. There have been four
Dominican popes: Innocent V. (+ 1276), Benedict XI. (+ 1304), Pius V. (+
1572), Benedict XIII. (+ 1730).

The friars form the "First Order"; the nuns, or Dominicanesses, the
"Second Order." The latter may claim to have chronological precedence
over the friars, for the first nunnery was established by St Dominic in
1206 at Prouille in the diocese of Toulouse, as a refuge for women
converted from the Albigensian heresy. The second convent was at San
Sisto in Rome, also founded by Dominic himself. From that time the
institute spread widely. The rule resembled that of the friars, except
that the nuns were to be strictly enclosed and purely contemplative; in
course of time, however, they undertook educational work. In 1909 there
were nearly 100 nunneries of the Second Order, with som