s, whose
signature is essential for confirming its Acts has surely a higher
authority than the other members.

Fourth--I shall refer to one more historical point in support of the Pope's
jurisdiction over the whole Church. It is a most remarkable fact that
_every nation hitherto converted from Paganism to Christianity since the
days of the Apostles, has received the light of faith from missionaries
who were either especially commissioned by the See of Rome, or sent by
Bishops in open communion with that See_. This historical fact admits of
no exception. Let me particularize.

Ireland's Apostle is St. Patrick. Who commissioned him? Pope St.
Celestine, in the fifth century.

St. Palladius is the Apostle of Scotland. Who sent him? The same Pontiff,
Celestine.

The Anglo-Saxons received the faith from St. Augustine, a Benedictine
monk, as all historians, Catholic and non-Catholic, testify. Who empowered
Augustine to preach? Pope Gregory I., at the end of the sixth century.

St. Remigius established the faith in France, at the close of the fifth
century. He was in active communion with the See of Peter.

Flanders received the Gospel in the seventh century from St. Eligius, who
acknowledged the supremacy of the reigning Pope.

Germany and Bavaria venerate as their Apostle St. Boniface, who is
popularly known in his native England by his baptismal name of Winfrid. He
was commissioned by Pope Gregory II., in the beginning of the eighth
century, and was consecrated Bishop by the same Pontiff.

In the ninth century two saintly brothers, Cyril and Methodius,
evangelized Russia, Sclavonia, Moravia and other parts of Northern Europe.
They recognized the supreme authority of Pope Nicholas I. and of his
successors, Adrian II. and John VIII.

In the eleventh century Norway was converted by missionaries introduced
from England by the Norwegian King, St. Olave.

The conversion of Sweden was consummated in the same century by the
British Apostles Saints Ulfrid and Eskill. Both of these nations
immediately after their conversion commenced to pay Romescot, or a small
annual tribute to the Holy See--a clear evidence that they were in
communion with the Chair of Peter.(170)

All the other nations of Europe, having been converted before the
Reformation, received likewise the light of faith from Roman Catholic
Missionaries, because Europe then recognized only one Christian Chief.

Passing from Europe to Asia and America, it is und